Christology

The person and natures of Christ.

Passages that substantially address this topic, in date order.

1 Clement 12.7Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Rahab's scarlet cord foreshadowed redemption through Christ's blood.
1 Clement 16.1Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ belongs to the humble, not to those who lord it over his flock.
1 Clement 16.10Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The innocent Servant.
1 Clement 16.11Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · An offering for sin.
1 Clement 16.12Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The righteous Servant will justify many.
1 Clement 16.13Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · He was numbered with the transgressors.
1 Clement 16.14Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · He bore the sins of many.
1 Clement 16.15Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · “I am a worm and not a man.”
1 Clement 16.16Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The sufferer is mocked.
1 Clement 16.17Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · If the Lord was so humble, how much more should we be.
1 Clement 16.2Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ came in humility, as the Spirit foretold.
1 Clement 16.3Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Isaiah's Suffering Servant: despised and rejected.
1 Clement 16.4Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The Servant bears our sins.
1 Clement 16.5Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · By his wounds we are healed.
1 Clement 16.6Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · All have gone astray like sheep.
1 Clement 16.7Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Like a lamb to the slaughter, he was silent.
1 Clement 16.8Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · His life was taken from the earth.
1 Clement 16.9Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · He died for his people's sins.
1 Clement 22.1Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ calls us through the Spirit in Psalm 34.
1 Clement 24.1Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ's resurrection is the firstfruit of ours.
1 Clement 32.2Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · From Jacob came priests, Christ in the flesh, and kings.
1 Clement 36.1Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Jesus Christ is our salvation and high priest.
1 Clement 36.2Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Through Christ we see God and taste immortal knowledge.
1 Clement 36.3Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The angels are God's servants.
1 Clement 36.4Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · God calls Christ his Son.
1 Clement 36.5Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ sits at God's right hand.
1 Clement 48.4Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The gate of righteousness is Christ.
1 Clement 49.6Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Out of love Christ gave his blood, flesh, and soul for us.
1 Clement 59.3Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The great prayer praises God, who humbles the proud and lifts the lowly.
1 Clement 61.3Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · The prayer closes with praise through Christ the high priest.
1 Clement 64.1Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · A closing blessing through Christ the high priest.
1 Clement 7.4Clement of Rome · ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) · Christ's precious blood won the grace of repentance for the world.
Epistle of Barnabas 11.8Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The tree and the water in Psalm 1 are the cross and baptism.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.1Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · A prophecy of the cross: blood dripping from a tree.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.10Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · David calls the Christ his Lord, not merely his son.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.11Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Isaiah and David both call the Christ Lord.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.2Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Moses' outstretched arms in battle were a type of the cross.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.7Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Looking to the bronze serpent in faith brought life: a sign of Jesus.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.8Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Moses gave Joshua the name Jesus as a prophecy.
Epistle of Barnabas 12.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Moses foretold that the Son of God would destroy Amalek.
Epistle of Barnabas 14.4Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Moses received the covenant as a servant; the Lord gave it to us himself.
Epistle of Barnabas 14.5Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ appeared to redeem us and establish the covenant in us.
Epistle of Barnabas 14.7Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Isaiah: the Servant is a covenant and a light for the nations.
Epistle of Barnabas 14.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Isaiah: the Spirit of the Lord is upon me.
Epistle of Barnabas 15.5Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · God's rest on the seventh day is Christ's coming and judgment.
Epistle of Barnabas 15.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christians celebrate the eighth day, the day of the resurrection.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.1Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ gave his flesh so that we might be cleansed by his blood.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.10Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ came in the flesh because no one could look on his glory directly.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.11Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · He came in the flesh to complete the sins of those who killed the prophets.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.13Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The Psalms foretold his suffering on a tree.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.2Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Isaiah's suffering servant is Christ.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.5Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Why did the Lord of the world, addressed at creation, suffer at human hands?
Epistle of Barnabas 5.6Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ endured suffering to abolish death and show the resurrection.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.7Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · He fulfilled the promise and prepared a new people.
Epistle of Barnabas 5.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ chose sinners as apostles to show he came for sinners.
Epistle of Barnabas 6.12Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Genesis's “Let us make man” is God speaking to the Son about us.
Epistle of Barnabas 6.14Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · God replaces hearts of stone with hearts of flesh; Christ dwells in us.
Epistle of Barnabas 6.2Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · Christ is the chosen cornerstone of Zion.
Epistle of Barnabas 6.6Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The Psalms foretold the crucifixion.
Epistle of Barnabas 6.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The “good land” is Jesus in the flesh; man is suffering earth.
Epistle of Barnabas 7.2Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The Son of God suffered only for our sake.
Epistle of Barnabas 7.3Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The Day of Atonement fast and Isaac's sacrifice foreshadow Christ.
Epistle of Barnabas 7.9Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · At his coming, those who crucified Christ will recognize him.
Epistle of Barnabas 8.2Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The calf is Jesus; those who offer it are those who killed him.
Epistle of Barnabas 8.5Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The wool on the stick means Jesus reigns from the cross.
Epistle of Barnabas 9.8Anonymous · ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) · The number 318 spells Jesus (IH) and the cross (T) in Greek numerals.
2 Clement 1.1Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Think of Christ as of God, the judge of all, and do not think lightly of salvation.
2 Clement 1.2Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Thinking little of Christ is itself a sin; remember what he suffered for us.
2 Clement 14.1Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Doing God's will places us in the first, spiritual church, created before the sun and moon.
2 Clement 14.2Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · The church, Christ's body and bride, existed from the beginning.
2 Clement 14.4Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · To abuse the flesh is to abuse the church, and to lose the Spirit.
2 Clement 2.7Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Christ came to save the perishing, and called us.
2 Clement 20.5Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Closing doxology to the invisible God who sent the Savior.
2 Clement 3.1Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · To know the Father is not to deny Christ, through whom we know him.
2 Clement 9.5Anonymous · ca. 100–150 · Christ became flesh; so we will be rewarded in the flesh.
To the Ephesians, inscriptionIgnatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius greets the church at Ephesus, chosen by God for glory.
To the Ephesians 1.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius praises the Ephesians, who have acted as true imitators of God.
To the Ephesians 15.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Better to be a Christian in silence than to talk without being one; Christ the one Teacher spoke and acted.
To the Ephesians 17.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Jesus Christ is the knowledge of God; why perish by ignoring him?
To the Ephesians 18.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius gives himself for the cross, which is salvation to believers.
To the Ephesians 18.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ was conceived by Mary, born, and baptized to sanctify the water of baptism.
To the Ephesians 19.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ's virgin birth and death were hidden from the devil.
To the Ephesians 19.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · A brilliant star announced Christ's coming to the universe.
To the Ephesians 19.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ's coming broke the power of magic and evil and began the defeat of death.
To the Ephesians 20.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius hopes to write a second letter explaining more about Christ.
To the Ephesians 20.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · In the one Eucharistic bread, the “medicine of immortality,” the united church shares Christ's life.
To the Ephesians 3.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ expresses the Father's mind, and the bishops everywhere share Christ's mind.
To the Ephesians 7.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ is the one physician, both human and divine.
To the Magnesians 1.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius prays that the churches be united with Christ in body and spirit, in faith and love.
To the Magnesians 11.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Hold firmly to the real birth, death, and resurrection of Christ under Pontius Pilate.
To the Magnesians 6.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The bishop presides in God's place, the presbyters as the apostles' council, and the deacons serve Christ.
To the Magnesians 7.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Gather as to one temple and one altar, to the one Christ who came from the one Father.
To the Magnesians 8.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The prophets already lived by Christ, God's Word who came forth from silence.
To the Magnesians 9.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christians keep the Lord's day, when our life rose through Christ's death, rather than the Sabbath.
To the Magnesians 9.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The prophets awaited Christ as their teacher, and he raised them from the dead.
To the Philadelphians 8.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Against those who demand proof from the old scriptures, Ignatius says Christ's cross and resurrection are his “archives.”
To the Philadelphians 9.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ the High Priest is the door through which all God's people enter.
To the Philadelphians 9.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The prophets pointed to Christ; the gospel completes their message.
To Polycarp 3.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius points to Christ, eternal and invisible, who became visible and suffered for us.
To Polycarp 8.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius closes with a farewell and a greeting to Alce.
To the Romans, inscriptionIgnatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius greets the church at Rome with unusual honor.
To the Romans 3.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christianity shows its greatness when the world hates it.
To the Romans 6.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius wants to imitate the suffering of Christ, his God.
To the Romans 7.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius longs for the bread of God, Christ's flesh, and the drink of his blood.
To the Romans 8.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ, the Father's truthful mouth, will confirm Ignatius's words.
To the Smyrnaeans 1.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius praises the Smyrnaeans' firm faith in Christ's true birth and baptism.
To the Smyrnaeans 1.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ was truly crucified; through his resurrection he gathers Jews and Gentiles into one church.
To the Smyrnaeans 2.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ truly suffered and truly rose, against those who say he only seemed to.
To the Smyrnaeans 3.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ remained in the flesh after his resurrection.
To the Smyrnaeans 3.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The risen Christ invited the disciples to touch him, proving he was not a ghost.
To the Smyrnaeans 3.3Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The risen Christ ate and drank with his disciples.
To the Smyrnaeans 4.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · If Christ only seemed to suffer, Ignatius's chains would be meaningless.
To the Smyrnaeans 5.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Denying that Christ had flesh is denying him completely.
To the Smyrnaeans 6.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Even heavenly powers are judged if they do not believe in Christ's blood; faith and love are everything.
To the Smyrnaeans 7.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · The docetists avoid the Eucharist because they deny it is Christ's flesh.
To the Trallians, inscriptionIgnatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Ignatius greets the church at Tralles.
To the Trallians 10.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · If Christ only seemed to suffer, Ignatius's martyrdom would be pointless.
To the Trallians 11.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · True believers are branches of the cross and members of Christ, their head.
To the Trallians 8.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Renew yourselves in faith and love, which are Christ's flesh and blood.
To the Trallians 9.1Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ was truly born, truly suffered, and truly died.
To the Trallians 9.2Ignatius of Antioch · ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) · Christ truly rose, and the Father will raise believers in the same way.
To the Philippians 1.2Polycarp of Smyrna · ca. 110–135 · The Philippians' long-standing faith still bears fruit in Christ, who died for our sins and was raised by God.
To the Philippians 12.2Polycarp of Smyrna · ca. 110–135 · Polycarp prays that God the Father and Jesus Christ the eternal high priest build the Philippians up and give them a share among the saints.
To the Philippians 2.1Polycarp of Smyrna · ca. 110–135 · Serve God faithfully, believing in the God who raised Christ, who now reigns and will come to judge the living and the dead.
To the Philippians 7.1Polycarp of Smyrna · ca. 110–135 · Polycarp condemns those who deny that Christ came in the flesh, who deny the witness of the cross, and who twist the Lord's words to deny resurrection and judgment.
To the Philippians 8.1Polycarp of Smyrna · ca. 110–135 · Christ, our hope, bore our sins on the cross without sin of his own and endured everything so that we might live in him.
To Diognetus 10.2Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · God loved mankind, made the world for them, and sent his only Son.
To Diognetus 11.2Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · The Word revealed the Father's mysteries to faithful disciples.
To Diognetus 11.3Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · The Word was rejected by his people, preached by apostles, believed by Gentiles.
To Diognetus 11.4Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · The eternal Word is ever new in the hearts of the saints.
To Diognetus 11.5Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · Through the eternal Son the church is enriched with grace.
To Diognetus 12.9Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · Closing doxology: the Word teaches the saints and the Father is glorified.
To Diognetus 7.2Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · God sent not an angel but the Word himself, the Creator of all things.
To Diognetus 7.3Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · Did God send him to rule by terror?
To Diognetus 7.4Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · God sent his Son as God and as man, in gentleness, to save.
To Diognetus 7.5Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · He sent him to call and to love, not to judge.
To Diognetus 8.1Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · No one knew God before Christ came.
To Diognetus 8.11Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · Through his Son God revealed and gave everything.
To Diognetus 8.9Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · God shared his great plan with his Son alone.
To Diognetus 9.2Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · In love God gave his own Son as a ransom for us.
To Diognetus 9.3Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · Only Christ's righteousness covers our sins.
To Diognetus 9.4Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · We are justified in the Son of God alone.
To Diognetus 9.5Anonymous · ca. 150–200 (disputed) · The sweet exchange: our sin hidden in him, his righteousness justifying us.
Martyrdom of Polycarp 14.3Anonymous · ca. 156–160 · Polycarp ended his prayer with praise to God through Christ, the eternal High Priest.
Martyrdom of Polycarp 17.2Anonymous · ca. 156–160 · Opponents claimed Christians would worship Polycarp instead of Christ, but Christians worship Christ alone.
Martyrdom of Polycarp 17.3Anonymous · ca. 156–160 · Christians worship Christ as Son of God and love the martyrs as his disciples.
Martyrdom of Polycarp 19.2Anonymous · ca. 156–160 · Polycarp now rejoices with the apostles and praises God and Christ.
Martyrdom of Polycarp 9.3Anonymous · ca. 156–160 · Polycarp refused to curse Christ, whom he had served for eighty-six years.