Chronicle 1.13–1.18

ANTONINUS II, also called VERUS, and LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS, fourteenth, reigned 19 years and one month. THE TWO AUGUSTI. These were the first to administer the empire together with equal right, whereas up to this time there had been single Augusti. RUSTICUS AND AQUILINUS. LAELIANUS AND PASTOR. MACRINUS AND CELSUS. ORPHITUS AND PUDENS. PUDENS II AND POLLIO. Agrippinus presided at Alexandria as ninth. FOURTH PERSECUTION. A persecution arose in Asia, in which Polycarp and Pionius underwent martyrdom; accounts of their passions are said to have been written. In Gaul too very many were killed for the name of God; their contests, set down in books, survive to the present day. VERUS IV AND QUADRATUS. APRONIANUS AND PAULUS. SOTER takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as eleventh, for 8 years. APRONIANUS AND PAULUS. Theophilus is ordained sixth bishop at Antioch; very many works of his talent survive. PRISCUS AND APOLLINARIS. CETHEGUS AND CLARUS. The emperor Lucius, in the ninth year of his reign, or, as some think, the tenth, died of apoplexy between Concordia and Altinum. Melito, a bishop of Asia, presented an apology for the Christians to the emperor Antoninus. Apollinaris of Asia, bishop of Hierapolis, is held notable. At the same time Dionysius, bishop of the Corinthians, was famous, and Pinytus of Crete, a most eloquent man. In this season the false prophecy called that of the Cataphrygians began, with Montanus as its author and Prisca and Maximilla as its mad prophetesses. The province of Phrygia gave the error its name, because its inventors first appeared there and lived there, and even now they have peoples in those parts. They assert that the coming of the Holy Spirit promised by the Lord took place in them rather than in the apostles. They hold second marriages to be sexual immorality; and they say that the apostle Paul permitted them because he knew in part and prophesied in part, for that which is perfect had not yet come. This perfect thing, they rave, came in Montanus and his prophetesses. They are said to have deadly sacrifices. For they are said to make what serves as their Eucharist from the blood of a year-old infant, which they draw from his whole body by tiny puncture wounds, mixing it with flour and making bread from it. If the boy dies, he is held to be a martyr; if he lives, a high priest. SEVERUS AND HERENNIANUS. Tatian the heretic, from whom the Encratites are named; their dogma is to admit to their communion only the continent, and those who have so renounced the world as to own no property. Bardesanes too, the author of another error, became known at the same time; he fell in part into the heresy of Valentinus. ORPHITUS AND MAXIMUS. SEVERUS AND POMPEIANUS. In the country of the Quadi, when the army of the emperor Antoninus was overcome by thirst, rain was sent from heaven, while on the other hand thunderbolts pursued the Germans and Sarmatians and killed very many of them. There survives a letter of Marcus Aurelius, a most serious emperor, in which he testifies that that German thirst was relieved by rain granted at the prayer of Christian soldiers. GALLUS AND FLACCUS. PISO AND JULIANUS. POLLIO AND APER. COMMODUS AND QUINTILLUS. Antoninus makes his son Commodus partner in his rule. ORPHITUS AND RUFUS. Antoninus with his son triumphed over the enemies whom he had laid waste over three years from his permanent camp at Carnuntum. COMMODUS II AND VERUS II. Julianus is ordained tenth bishop at Alexandria. Antoninus died of disease in Pannonia.

COMMODUS, fifteenth, reigned 13 years. PRAESENS AND BURRUS. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, is held notable. Commodus named the month of September after himself. MAMERTINUS AND RUFUS. The Baths of Commodus were built at Rome. COMMODUS IV AND VICTORINUS. At Jerusalem Maximus is ordained twenty-sixth bishop; after him Antoninus twenty-seventh, Valens twenty-eighth, Dachianus twenty-ninth, Narcissus thirtieth, Dius thirty-first, Germanio thirty-second, Gordius thirty-third, and another Narcissus thirty-fourth. MARULLUS AND AELIANUS. MATERNUS AND BRADUA. COMMODUS V AND GLABRIO. CRISPINUS AND AELIANUS. FULCIANUS AND SILANUS. Demetrianus is appointed eleventh bishop at Alexandria, for 43 years. Commodus had the head removed from the Colossus and the head of his own image put in its place. Serapion is ordained eighth bishop of Antioch. THE TWO SILANI. COMMODUS VI AND SEPTIMIANUS. APRONIANUS AND BRADUA. Commodus kills many nobles. COMMODUS VII AND PERTINAX. Commodus is strangled in the house of Vestilianus.

HELVIUS PERTINAX, sixteenth, reigned six months. When he was over seventy and serving as prefect of the City, he was ordered by decree of the senate to rule. VICTOR took up the episcopate at Rome as thirteenth, for 12 years; works of his on religion, of no small merit, survive.

When the senate begged Pertinax to make his wife Augusta and his son Caesar, he refused, declaring that it was enough that he himself reigned against his will. Pertinax is killed in the palace through the crime of Julianus the jurist, whom Severus later killed at the Milvian Bridge.

SEVERUS, seventeenth, reigned 18 years. Born at the town of Leptis in the province of Tripolitana, he has been the only Roman emperor from Africa to the present day, and in honor of Pertinax he ordered himself to be surnamed Pertinax. FALCO AND CLARUS. SEVERUS AND ALBINUS. TERTULLUS AND CLEMENS. DEXTER AND PRISCUS. Clement, presbyter of the church of Alexandria, and Pantaenus, a Stoic philosopher, are held most eloquent in discussing our teaching. LATERANUS AND RUFINUS. Narcissus bishop of Jerusalem, and Theophilus of Caesarea, Polycrates too, and Bacchyllus, bishop in the province of Asia, made these times illustrious. SATURNINUS AND GALLUS. ANULLINUS AND FRONTO. SEVERUS II AND VICTORINUS. FABIANUS AND MUCIANUS. SEVERUS III AND ANTONINUS. At this time there was a Jewish and a Sarmatian war; and Severus was called Parthicus, Arabicus, and Adiabenicus from the names of the peoples he conquered. A question arose in Asia among the bishops whether Easter should be kept, according to the law of Moses, on the fourteenth day of the first month; Victor bishop of the city of Rome, Narcissus of Jerusalem, Polycrates too, and Irenaeus, and Bacchyllus, and very many pastors of the churches, published in letters what seemed right to them, and the memory of these survives to our day. GETA AND PLAUTIANUS. CHILO AND LIBO. ZEPHYRINUS was the fourteenth bishop at Rome, for 14 years. FIFTH PERSECUTION. When persecution was raised against the Christians, Leonides, the father of Origen, passed over by the glorious death of martyrdom. Alexander too became famous for confessing the name of the Lord. In this season Perpetua and Felicity suffered for Christ on the Nones of March, at Carthage in Africa, condemned to the beasts in the camp. ANTONINUS II AND GETA. ALBINUS AND AELIANUS. APER AND MAXIMUS. Clement writes many works. ANTONINUS III AND GETA III. After Clodius Albinus, who had made himself Caesar in Gaul, was killed at Lyons, Severus crossed over to the Britons; to make the recovered provinces safer from barbarian raids he drew a ditch and rampart for 132 miles from sea to sea, and not long afterward he dies in Britain at York. POMPEIANUS AND AVITUS. FAUSTINUS AND RUFINUS.

ANTONINUS surnamed CARACALLA, son of Severus, eighteenth, reigned six years. GENTIANUS AND BASSUS. THE TWO ASPRI. Asclepiades is appointed ninth bishop at Antioch; and at Jerusalem Alexander thirty-fifth, while Narcissus was still living, and he governs the church jointly with him. ANTONINUS IV AND BALBINUS. MESSALA AND SABINUS. End of the second cycle and beginning of the third. LAETUS AND CEREALIS. SABINUS II AND VENUSTUS. Antoninus is killed between Edessa and Carrhae, in the forty-third year of his age.

MACRINUS, nineteenth, reigns one year. PRAESENS AND EXTRICATUS. Philetus is ordained tenth bishop at Antioch.

MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, twentieth, reigned three years. ANTONINUS AND ADVENTUS. CALLISTUS took up the episcopate at Rome as fifteenth, for six years. Macrinus is killed at Archelais. Antoninus built the baths of his name at Rome. ANTONINUS II AND SACERDOS. ANTONINUS III AND COMAZON. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. Antoninus is killed at Rome in a military riot.

ALEXANDER, son of Mammaea, twenty-first, reigned 13 years, having taken his name from the emperor Alexander. Alexander gloriously defeats Xerxes king of the Persians. MAXIMUS AND AELIANUS. JULIANUS AND CRISPINUS. URBANUS is made sixteenth bishop at Rome, for 9 years. Sabellius is said to have lived in these times. His error is to assert that in the divine Trinity the one he names the Father is the same as the Son and the same as the Holy Spirit. So the deceivers of this impiety are rightly also called Patripassians, for, holding this view, they are shown to assert that the passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, which he endured for the salvation of the human race, was the Father's. Ulpian the jurist is held notable. FUSCUS AND DEXTER. The Baths of Alexander were built at Rome. ALEXANDER II AND MARCELLUS. ANIANUS AND MAXIMUS. ALBINUS AND MAXIMUS. Geminus, presbyter of Antioch, and Hippolytus, and Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, are held to be famous writers. Zebennus becomes eleventh bishop of Antioch. MODESTUS AND PROBUS. Heraclas presides over the church of Alexandria as twelfth bishop. At this time Origen appeared famous at Alexandria. With great power of eloquence he tried to establish certain perverse things, writing books entitled Peri Archon, in which, besides many things contrary to sacred doctrine, he also asserts concerning the change of every rational creature that not only the souls of the impious but even the devil himself is to be recalled by long purification to the dignity of his origin, with revolutions ever succeeding one another, from good to evil and from evil to good;

since this alternation cannot fail to be perpetual, so that in turn the wretched become blessed and the blessed wretched. ALEXANDER III AND DIO. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. POMPEIANUS AND FELICIANUS. LUPUS AND MAXIMUS. PONTIANUS took up the episcopate at Rome as seventeenth, for five years. Alexander is killed at Mogontiacum in a military riot. MAXIMUS AND PATERNUS.

MAXIMINUS, twenty-second, reigns three years. MAXIMUS II AND URBANUS. SEVERUS AND QUINTIANUS. MAXIMINUS AND AFRICANUS. SIXTH PERSECUTION. Maximinus raises a persecution against the clergy of the churches. Maximinus is killed at Aquileia by Pupienus.

GORDIAN, twenty-third, reigned six years. PERPETUUS AND CORNELIANUS. ANTERUS becomes eighteenth bishop at Rome; one month after him FABIAN is appointed nineteenth, for 13 years. PIUS AND PROCULUS. GORDIAN AND AVIOLA. SABINUS AND VENUSTUS. GORDIAN II AND POMPEIANUS. ATTICUS AND PRAETEXTATUS. Gordian, returning home victorious after defeating the nation of the Parthians, was killed not far from Roman soil through the treachery of Philip, the praetorian prefect.

PHILIP, twenty-fourth, reigned seven years. ARRIANUS AND PAPPUS. Philip makes his son Philip partner in his rule; he was the first of all the Roman emperors to be a Christian. PEREGRINUS AND AEMILIANUS. PRAESENS AND ALBINUS. PHILIP II AND PHILIP. In the reign of the Philips the thousandth year of the city of Rome is completed. Philip founded a city of his own name in Achaia. PHILIP III AND PHILIP II. AEMILIANUS AND AQUILINUS. Dionysius is ordained thirteenth bishop of Alexandria. The elder Philip is killed at Verona, the younger at Rome.

DECIUS, twenty-fifth, reigns one year and three months. DECIUS AND GRATUS. DECIUS II AND RUSTICUS. SEVENTH PERSECUTION. Decius, having killed the Philips, father and son, raises a persecution against the Christians out of hatred for them. Antony the monk is born. Alexander bishop of Jerusalem having been put to death in martyrdom at Caesarea in Palestine, and Babylas having been killed with the same glory at Antioch, Mazabanes and Fabius are appointed bishops. Decius is killed with his son at Abrittus, a city of Moesia.

GALLUS AND VOLUSIANUS, son of Gallus, twenty-sixth, reigned two years and four months. After the glorious death of Fabian, CORNELIUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as twentieth, for two years; after two years he is crowned with the same martyrdom. GALLUS AND VOLUSIANUS. VOLUSIANUS AND MAXIMUS. Novatus, a presbyter of Cyprian's, coming to Rome, joins Novatian and the other confessors to himself, because Cornelius had received back penitent apostates. From him the heresy of the Novatians took its beginning; because of the purity they most proudly claim for themselves they wish to be called Cathari; they do not admit second marriages and deny reconciliation to penitents. Demetrianus is appointed fourteenth bishop of Antioch. LUCIUS holds the episcopate of the Roman church as twenty-first, for eight months; after him STEPHEN twenty-second, for three years. Letters of Cyprian to both survive. Gallus and Volusianus, setting out from Rome against Aemilianus, who was plotting revolution in Moesia, were killed at Interamna. Aemilianus perished in the third month of the tyranny he had seized.

VALERIAN and GALLIENUS, twenty-seventh, reigned 15 years. VALERIAN AND GALLIENUS. Cyprian, first a rhetorician, then a presbyter, and finally bishop of Carthage, is crowned with martyrdom. MAXIMUS AND GLABRIO. XYSTUS is appointed twenty-third bishop at Rome, for seven years. EIGHTH PERSECUTION. Valerian raises a persecution against the Christians. VALERIAN III AND GALLIENUS II. Valerian is captured by Sapor king of the Persians, and grows old there in wretched slavery. TUSCUS AND BASSUS. When Valerian had been led away to Persia, Gallienus gave peace back to our people. Paul of Samosata is ordained fifteenth bishop of Antioch. AEMILIANUS AND BASSUS. SAECULARIS AND DONATUS. GALLIENUS IV AND GENTIANUS. As Gallienus gave himself up to every kind of license, the Germans came as far as Ravenna. The Alamanni laid waste the Gauls and crossed into Italy. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and Asia were ravaged by the Goths. The Quadi and Sarmatians occupied the Pannonias. While the Germans held the Spains, Tarraco was stormed. The Parthians, holding Mesopotamia, overran Syria. GALLIENUS V AND VICTORINUS. ALBINUS AND MAXIMUS. Maximus is ordained fourteenth bishop at Alexandria. DIONYSIUS is placed over Rome as twenty-fourth bishop, for 11 years. GALLIENUS VI AND SATURNINUS. VALERIAN AND LUCILLUS. Hymenaeus holds the episcopate of Jerusalem as thirty-sixth. GALLIENUS VII AND SABINILLUS. Paul of Samosata departs from the preaching of all, reviving the heresy of Artemon, which asserts that Christ did not always exist, but preaches that his beginning was from the time he was born of Mary, and thinks him nothing more than a man. Photinus too was a defender of this error, and with more vehement zeal brought it about that the followers of this impiety were called Photinians rather than Paulianists.

The council of Nicaea decreed that these are to be baptized in the catholic church; from which it is to be believed that they do not have the rule of baptism. Domnus is ordained sixteenth bishop of Antioch in Paul's place. PATERNUS AND ARCHESILAUS. PATERNUS II AND MARIUS.

CLAUDIUS, twenty-eighth, reigns one year and nine months. CLAUDIUS AND PATERNUS. Claudius defeats the Goths, who were ravaging Illyricum and Macedonia; for this a golden shield was set up for him in the senate house and a golden statue on the Capitol. ANTIOCHIANUS AND ORPHITUS. Claudius dies at Sirmium. His brother Quintillus, hailed Augustus by the senate, is killed at Aquileia on the seventeenth day of his rule.

AURELIAN, twenty-ninth, reigns five years and six months. VALERIAN AND BASSUS. Timaeus is ordained seventeenth bishop of Antioch. Aurelian recovered the Gauls when Tetricus betrayed his own army near the Catalauni. QUIETUS AND VOLDUMIANUS. Zenobia, who after the murder of her husband Odaenathus held the empire of the East, is defeated at Immae not far from Antioch. In that battle the general Pompeianus, surnamed Francus, fought most vigorously against her. TACITUS AND PLACIDIANUS. Eusebius, bishop of Laodicea, is held notable. Tetricus and Zenobia walked before Aurelian in his triumph at Rome. Of these, Tetricus was afterward corrector of Lucania, and Zenobia grew old at Rome in the highest honor; from her a family at Rome is called Zenobia even today. AURELIAN AND CAPITOLINUS. FELIX took up the episcopate at Rome as twenty-fifth, for five years. AURELIAN II AND MARCELLUS. When Aurelian had raised a persecution against us, a thunderbolt fell near him and his companions; and not long after he is killed at Caenophrurium on the old road between Constantinople and Heraclea.

TACITUS, thirtieth, reigns six months; when he was killed in Pontus, FLORIANUS, thirty-first, took the empire and reigned 88 days. When Florianus was killed at Tarsus, PROBUS, thirty-second, reigns six years and eight months, or four. PROBUS AND PAULINUS. Anatolius, bishop of Laodicea, learned in the disciplines of the philosophers, is celebrated in much report. The mad heresy of the Manichees arose, with a certain Persian called Manes as its author. To set out their impieties, sacrileges, and foulnesses in this work would take too long. It is enough to know that they assert two principles, opposed to each other and coeternal, and two natures, namely of good and of evil. They think nothing true about Christ: they say that his birth from Mary according to the flesh, and his passion and resurrection, were pretenses, and did not take place as they are preached. They reject the Old Testament and the Prophets, and think that the author of those Scriptures is not the good God but the prince of the evil nature. Of the New Testament they accept what they think agrees with the apocrypha. They deny the resurrection of the flesh, condemn marriage, hold adulterous unions as lawful, and think that the baptism of regeneration confers nothing. Their rites are as abominable as their morals. PROBUS II AND PATERNUS II. PROBUS III AND PATERNUS III. MESSALA AND GRATUS. Cyril is appointed eighteenth bishop of Antioch. EUTYCHIANUS is ordained twenty-sixth bishop at Rome, for eight months; after him CAIUS is made twenty-seventh, for 15 years. PROBUS IV AND TIBERIANUS. PROBUS V AND VICTORINUS. Theonas presided as fifteenth bishop at Alexandria. Probus is killed in a military riot at Sirmium, in the tower called the Iron Tower.

CARUS with his sons CARINUS and NUMERIAN, thirty-third, reigned two years. CARUS AND CARINUS. CARUS II AND NUMERIAN. Carus of Narbo, having laid waste the whole region of the Parthians and taken Coche and Ctesiphon, the most famous cities of the enemy, pitched camp beyond the Tigris and died struck by lightning. Numerian, being carried in a litter because of a disease of the eyes, was killed by the plot of Aper, his father-in-law. Carinus fell defeated in battle at Margus.

DIOCLETIAN, thirty-fourth, reigned 20 years. DIOCLETIAN AND ARISTOBULUS. MAXIMUS AND AQUILINUS. Diocletian takes HERCULIUS MAXIMIAN as partner in his rule. Maximian crushed the multitude of peasants, who had given their sedition the name of Bacaudae, and restored peace to the Gauls. Carausius took the purple and occupied the Britains. DIOCLETIAN II AND MAXIMIAN. MAXIMIAN II AND JANUARIUS. Constantius and Galerius Maximian are taken into the rule. To join them to himself by marriage ties as well, Diocletian gave Constantius Theodora, the stepdaughter of Herculius, as his wife, and gave his own daughter Valeria to Galerius; and to secure these marriages he forced both men to repudiate the wives they had before. BASSUS AND QUINTIANUS. DIOCLETIAN III AND MAXIMIAN III. TIBERIANUS AND DIO. HANNIBALIANUS AND ASCLEPIODOTUS. DIOCLETIAN IV AND MAXIMIAN III. Diocletian was the first to order that he be worshipped as a god, and that gems be set into his garments and shoes, whereas before him emperors were approached like magistrates and were distinguished from private dress only by a purple cloak.

CONSTANTIUS AND MAXIMUS. TUSCUS AND ANULLINUS. MARCELLINUS took up the episcopate at Rome as twenty-eighth, for 9 years. DIOCLETIAN V AND CONSTANTIUS II. Zabdas is ordained thirty-seventh bishop at Jerusalem. MAXIMIAN IV AND MAXIMIAN. FAUSTUS AND GALLUS. Veturius, master of the soldiers, persecutes the Christians. End of the third cycle and beginning of the fourth. DIOCLETIAN VI AND MAXIMIAN V. CONSTANTIUS III AND MAXIMIAN III. The Baths of Diocletian were built at Rome, and those of Maximian at Carthage. Hermon presided as thirty-eighth bishop at Jerusalem. Tyrannus is appointed nineteenth bishop of Antioch. After Theonas, Peter is ordained sixteenth bishop of the church of Alexandria; he later, in the ninth year of the persecution, gloriously accomplished his martyrdom. TITIANUS AND NEPOTIANUS. CONSTANTIUS IV AND MAXIMIAN IV. The Augusti Diocletian and Maximian triumphed at Rome with enormous pomp; before their chariot went the wife, sisters, and children of Narses and all the plunder they had taken from the Parthians. DIOCLETIAN VII AND MAXIMIAN VI. NINTH PERSECUTION. In the nineteenth year of Diocletian, in the month of March, in the days of Easter, the churches were overthrown. DIOCLETIAN VIII AND MAXIMIAN VII. In the second year of the persecution Diocletian at Nicomedia and Maximian at Milan laid down the purple.

GALERIUS, thirty-fifth, held the empire alone for two years, then with another for six years. CONSTANTIUS V AND MAXIMIAN V. EUSEBIUS is appointed twenty-ninth bishop at Rome; seven months after him MILTIADES holds the church as thirtieth, for three years. CONSTANTIUS VI AND MAXIMIAN VI. In this consulship Timothy suffered for Christ at Rome on the Kalends of July. Maximinus and Severus were made Caesars by Galerius Maximian. Constantius died in Britain at York in the sixteenth year of his rule. After him his son CONSTANTINE, born of a concubine, Helena, seizes the rule. At the beginning of his reign the fourth year of the persecution was already passing.

CONSTANTINE, thirty-sixth, reigned 30 years and 10 months. DIOCLETIAN IX AND CONSTANTINE. Maxentius, son of Herculius Maximian, is hailed Augustus at Rome by the praetorian soldiers. Severus Caesar, sent by Galerius Maximian against Maxentius, is killed at Ravenna in the second year of his rule. DIOCLETIAN X AND MAXIMIAN VII. LICINIUS was made emperor by Galerius at Carnuntum. Herculius Maximian, exposed by his daughter Fausta for preparing a plot against her husband Constantine, is killed while fleeing at Massilia. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF THE TENTH AND SEVENTH. Quirinus, bishop of Siscia, is gloriously killed for Christ with his companions. LIKEWISE, IN THE SECOND YEAR AFTER THE TENTH AND SEVENTH CONSULSHIPS. Galerius Maximian dies in the twenty-first year of his rule, which he spent partly as Caesar, partly as Augustus. SILVESTER is ordained thirty-first bishop at Rome, for 22 years. MAXIMIAN VIII AND LICINIUS. Maximinus, having raised a persecution against the Christians, when he was already about to be punished by Licinius, dies at Tarsus in the sixth year of his rule. CONSTANTINE II AND LICINIUS II. CONSTANTINE III AND LICINIUS III. Achillas is ordained seventeenth bishop at Alexandria. Maxentius, defeated by Constantine near the Milvian Bridge, is killed. VOLUSIANUS AND ANIANUS. Macarius is appointed thirty-ninth bishop at Jerusalem. CONSTANTINE IV AND LICINIUS IV. Peace was restored to our people by Constantine. Diocletian dies not far from Salona at his villa of Spalatum. SABINUS AND RUFINUS. Crispus and Constantine, sons of Constantine, and the young Licinius, son of Licinius Augustus by Constantine's sister, are named Caesars. Crispus was taught by Lactantius, the most eloquent man of his time, but so poor in this life that he often lacked even necessities. GALLICANUS AND BASSUS. LICINIUS V AND CRISPUS. CONSTANTINE V AND LICINIUS CAESAR. Licinius drives the Christians out of his palace. CONSTANTINE VI AND CONSTANTINE CAESAR. Basileus, bishop of Amasea in Pontus, is crowned with martyrdom under Licinius. Alexander is ordained eighteenth bishop at Alexandria. CRISPUS II AND CONSTANTINE II. Arius the presbyter, cast out of the church of Alexandria by Bishop Alexander, joins many to his impiety, preaching that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are not of one and the same nature, or, to say it more precisely, essence; that the Son is a creature, and the Holy Spirit the creature of a creature, that is, created by the Son himself. To refute this perfidy a synod of three hundred and eighteen bishops gathered in the city of Nicaea in Bithynia and threw down all the machinations of the heretics by setting against them the Homoousion. PROBIANUS AND JULIANUS. SEVERUS AND RUFINUS. Constantius, son of Constantine, is made Caesar. CRISPUS III AND CONSTANTINE III. Licinius is killed at Thessalonica. PAULINUS AND JULIANUS. Crispus, son of Constantine, and the younger Licinius, son of Constantine's sister Constantia and of the elder Licinius, were put to death.

CONSTANTINE VII AND CONSTANTIUS. The Vicennalia of Constantine were held at Nicomedia, and celebrated at Rome the following year. CONSTANTINE II AND MAXIMUS. Up to this point Eusebius, the companion of Pamphilus the martyr, carried the history. After this the authority of Jerome the presbyter follows. Constantine, restoring Drepana, a city of Bithynia, in honor of the martyr Lucian who was buried there, named it Helenopolis after his mother. JANUARIUS AND JUSTUS. Donatus becomes known, from whom come the Donatists throughout Africa. They first made a schism because Caecilian had been ordained bishop of the church of Carthage against their will, bringing against him unproved charges, especially that he had been ordained by traditors of the divine Scriptures. But after the case had been tried and settled, they passed by stubborn discord into heresy, laying down that, because of the crimes of Caecilian, whether true or, as appeared more likely, false, the church of Christ throughout the whole world had been extinguished by the contagion of communion and survived only in Donatus's party. They even dare to rebaptize catholics, though the catholic church has resolved not to undo the common baptism even in heretics themselves. At Antioch, after Tyrannus, Vitalis is ordained twentieth bishop; after him Philogonus twenty-first; Paulinus succeeded him as twenty-second; after him Eustathius was twenty-third. When he was driven into exile for the faith, the Arians held the church until the present day. CONSTANTINE VIII AND CONSTANTINE CAESAR IV. CONSTANTIUS III AND SYMMACHUS. Athanasius is ordained nineteenth bishop at Alexandria. BASSUS AND ABLABIUS. Jerome is born. PACATIANUS AND HILARIANUS. MARK is ordained thirty-second bishop at Rome, for eight months. After him JULIUS was ordained thirty-third, for 16 years and four months. By Constantine's edict the temples of the Gentiles were overthrown. The Romans defeated the Goths in the country of the Sarmatians. Constans, son of Constantine, is advanced to the rule. DALMATIUS AND XENOPHILUS. OPTATUS AND PAULINUS. CONSTANTIUS AND ALBINUS. Constantine with his children sends an honorable letter to Antony the monk. NEPOTIANUS AND FACUNDUS. At Constantine's Tricennalia Dalmatius is named Caesar. Eunomia, daughter of the rhetorician Nazarius, a Christian virgin, equals her father in eloquence. Eustathius, a presbyter of Constantinople, becomes known; by his diligence the martyrium at Jerusalem was built. Constantine, at the last period of his life, baptized by Eusebius bishop of Nicomedia, declined into the Arian dogma. FELICIANUS AND TITIANUS. Constantine, while preparing a war against the Persians, dies at Ancyrona, a public villa near Nicomedia, in the sixty-sixth year of his age; after him his three sons are raised from Caesars to Augusti.

CONSTANTINE, CONSTANTIUS, and CONSTANS, thirty-seventh, reigned 24 years, five months, and twelve days. URSUS AND POLEMIUS. Dalmatius Caesar, whom his uncle Constantine had left as partner in the rule with his sons, is killed by the faction of his cousin Constantius. James of Nisibis becomes known; at his prayers the city was often freed from danger when it was besieged by Sapor king of the Persians. CONSTANTIUS II AND CONSTANS. From this time the Arian impiety, supported by the protection of the emperor Constantius, by exiles, prisons, and various kinds of affliction, persecuted first Athanasius, then all the bishops not of its party. ACINDYNUS AND PROCULUS. Constantine, making war on his brother, is killed at Alsa near Aquileia, in the twenty-third year of his rule. MARCELLINUS AND PROBINUS. Audaeus becomes known in Syria; from him come the Audaean heresy and the Audaeans, also called Anthropomorphites, because they believe that God is conformed to a human image. They are also charged with celebrating the Christian Easter, it is said, by Jewish observance. CONSTANTIUS III AND CONSTANS II. Hermogenes, master of the soldiers, was dragged by the people at Constantinople because of Bishop Paul, whom he was driving out by the emperor's command and the faction of the Arians. Macedonius, of the embroiderer's trade, is put in Paul's place as bishop by the Arians; from him comes the Macedonian heresy, whose dogma is to confess the Father and the Son of one divinity and the same substance, but to call the Holy Spirit a creature. Paul is strangled through the cruelty of the prefect Philip, a supporter of Macedonius's party, and the plots of the Arians. PLACIDUS AND ROMULUS. Maximinus, bishop of Trier, was famous; by him Athanasius bishop of Alexandria was honorably received when Constantius was seeking him for punishment. LEONTIUS AND SALLUSTIUS. Sapor king of the Persians persecutes the Christians. CONSTANTIUS IV AND CONSTANS III. Athanasius returns to Alexandria at the letter of Constans. AMANTIUS AND ALBINUS. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF AMANTIUS AND ALBINUS. RUFINUS AND EUSEBIUS. Maximus, fortieth bishop of Jerusalem after Macarius, dies; after him the Arians seize the church. PHILIP AND SALIA. LIBERIUS is ordained thirty-fourth bishop of the Roman church; when he was driven into exile for the faith in the ninth year of his episcopate, all the clergy swore that they would accept no other.