Chronicle 1.7–1.12

When the last of all of them was captured by the Parthians, Herod son of Antipater received from Augustus and the senate Judaea, to which he had no claim at all, and his sons reigned after him until the final captivity of Jerusalem; the high priests were no longer appointed by succession of the priestly stock, nor did they serve God for life according to the law of Moses. Rather, certain men of no standing, some at one time and others at another, some for a single year or a little more, bought the priesthood from the Roman emperors. All of this the prophet Daniel also foretold, saying: "And after seven and sixty-two weeks the anointing will perish, and there will be no judgment in it; and the people, with the leader who is coming, will ruin the temple and the sanctuary; and they will be cut down in the flood of war." And in what follows: "On the temple," he says, "the abomination of desolations; and until the consummation of time, consummation will be given upon the desolation." Sallust died four years before the war of Actium. Vinius Maximus, quaestor-designate, was recognized by his master and led away. The course of the moon according to the Romans is worked out. Cleopatra and Antony kill themselves, and Egypt becomes a Roman province. Caesar is called Augustus, and from him the month Sextilis received the name August. Augustus refused when monarchy was offered him. Augustus makes Cantabria and Gallaecia tributary. Tiberius, sent by Augustus, occupied Armenia. The Cantabrians, plotting rebellion, are crushed. Augustus adopts Gaius Agrippa as his son. Tiberius makes the Vindelici and the neighbors of the Raetians Roman provinces. In the seventeenth year of Augustus's rule a census was taken at Rome, and 4,174,000 Roman citizens were found. In the twenty-fourth year of Augustus's rule Tiberius triumphed over the conquered Pannonians. In the twenty-fifth year of the same rule Virgil dies at Brundisium, and is buried at Naples, at the second milestone from the city. Herod raised Samaria, which had long lain in ashes, from its foundations, and named it Augusta, that is, Sebaste, in honor of Augustus; and at Paneas he built what is called the Panion. He also founded Caesarea, named for Caesar, which was formerly called Strato's Tower. He also kills Hyrcanus, who had once been priest of the Jews and had returned from captivity in Parthia, and his son, who had succeeded to his father's priesthood; and with the greatest cruelty he puts to death his sister, who was his own wife, together with his own two sons, already youths, and the mother of his murdered wife, his mother-in-law. He also killed the husband of his sister Salome; and when he had given her as wife to another, he killed him too. By a like crime he also killed scribes and interpreters of the divine law. Augustus condemns his daughter Julia, caught in adultery, to exile; he adopted Tiberius and Agrippa as sons. Judas the Galilean urges the Jews to rebel. In the forty-fourth year of Augustus's rule Quirinus, sent to Judaea by the counsel of the senate, registers the census of persons and property. In the same year JESUS CHRIST the Son of God is born in Bethlehem of Juda. All the years from the beginning of Abraham to the birth of Christ from Mary are gathered as 2,018, or 2,015. Herod, having learned of the birth of Christ through the report of the Magi, ordered all the little children in Bethlehem to be killed; but he himself, two years later, dies of dropsy, with worms swarming over his whole body, wretchedly but deservedly. In Herod's place Archelaus is appointed by Augustus (and his brothers Herod, Antipater, Lysias, and Philip become tetrarchs), for nine years. Tiberius Caesar brings the Dalmatians and Sarmatians under Roman power. The Athenians, plotting rebellion against the Romans, are crushed. Augustus, with his son Tiberius, holding a census at Rome in the fifty-third year of his rule, found 9,370,000 people. Messala Corvinus the orator, two years before he died, so lost his memory that he could scarcely put a few words together. Archelaus is banished to Vienne, a city of Gaul, in the ninth year of his reign. After him Herod was tetrarch for 24 years. Tiberius makes Drusus partner in his rule.

TIBERIUS, third, 23 years. In [the ...] year of his rule thirteen cities collapsed in an earthquake. In the fourteenth year of the same rule Pilate is sent as procurator of Judaea. Herod founded Tiberias and Livias. Tiberius summoned many kings to himself with flattering words and never sent them back, and turned their kingdoms into provinces. John son of Zacharias, preaching to the Jews in the desert by the river Jordan, testifies that Christ the Son of God is present in their midst. From this point the Lord JESUS CHRIST himself announces the way of salvation to the peoples, proving by signs and mighty works that what he said was true.

Drusus Caesar died by poison. Josephus testifies that about this time, on the day of Pentecost, the priests of the Jews first felt movements of the temple precincts and certain sounds, and then a voice broke out from the inner sanctuary of beings saying, "Let us move away from this dwelling." The same Josephus writes that in the same year Pilate the governor secretly, by night, set up images of Caesar in the temple.

So up to the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar there are reckoned, from the restoration of the temple, which took place in the second year of Darius king of the Persians, 548 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1,060 years; from Moses and the exodus of Israel from Egypt, 1,516 years [or ...538]; from the first year of the promise, 1,572 years; from the year in which Abraham was born, 2,047 years; from the flood to the first year of Abraham, 942 years, as Eusebius, a most learned man, reckoned. From Adam to the flood, 2,242 years. So all the years from Adam to the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar are 5,228 [figure garbled in the printed text]. But according to the scripture of Genesis and the reckoning of the historian Africanus, 129 more years are found.

Some think that our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, that is, when the two Gemini were consuls; in that year, according to the undoubted authority of Luke the Evangelist, it is clear that he was baptized and began to preach the Gospel of the kingdom of heaven. But from the Gospel of John we know that the Lord was present at the Jewish feast of Passover three times, so that it appears that the Passover which the true Lamb consecrated with his own blood was the third. Accordingly we begin the consuls from the Manifestation of the Lord, that is, from the consuls Rufinus Geminus and Rubellius Geminus; but we assign the Lord's Passion to the third consuls after them, following what authority has handed down and what reason requires.

HERE BEGINS THE RECORD OF THE CONSULS, WITH THE HISTORY.

RUFINUS GEMINUS AND RUBELLIUS GEMINUS, CONSULS. VINICIUS AND LONGINUS. SULPICIUS AND SULLA. James, who was held to be the brother of the Lord, was ordained the first bishop of the church of Jerusalem. PRISCUS AND VITELLIUS. GALLUS AND NONIANUS. GALLIENUS AND PLAUTIANUS. Pilate, spending the sacred treasure which the Jews call Corban on an aqueduct for Jerusalem, sowed the seeds of a second sedition. From this time countless calamities oppressed the Jewish nation. PROCULUS AND NIGRINUS. JULIANUS AND ASPRENAS. PUBLICOLA AND NERVA. When Pilate reported to Tiberius about the teaching of the Christians, Tiberius referred it to the senate, so that it might be received among the other cults. But when the Fathers decreed that the Christians should be expelled from the City, Tiberius by edict threatened their accusers with death. CAESAR AND JULIANUS. Tiberius dies in Campania.

GAIUS CAESAR CALIGULA, fourth, reigned three years and ten months. CAESAR II AND SATURNINUS. SATURNINUS II AND VENUSTUS. TIBERIUS AND GALLUS. At this time Pontius Pilate, having fallen into many calamities, killed himself with his own hand. Caligula, having enrolled himself among the gods, ordered Petronius, prefect of Syria, to set up his statue at Jerusalem under the name of Jupiter Optimus Maximus; and throughout the whole world of the Roman empire statues, images, and altars of Gaius Caesar were consecrated in the synagogues of the Jews. CRISPINUS AND TAURUS. Very many nobles killed by Gaius. Gaius is killed in the palace by his own guards.

CLAUDIUS, fifth, reigned 13 years, 8 months, 28 days. This is Claudius, the uncle of Drusus, who has a monument at Moguntiacum. VINICIUS AND CORNELIUS. ASIATICUS AND SILANUS. PETER the apostle, having first founded the church of Antioch, sets out for Rome, where he preaches the Gospel and remains bishop of that city for 25 years. TIBERIUS II AND VITELLIUS. Mark the evangelist, Peter's interpreter, proclaims Christ in Egypt and Alexandria. Beginning of the first cycle. VITELLIUS II AND PUBLICOLA. Evodius was ordained the first bishop of Antioch. VERINUS AND GALLUS. VETUS AND NERVILIANUS. A census was taken at Rome, and 6,864,000, or 6,844,000, citizens were found. The reckoning of the Easter cycle began from these consuls, running 84 years and then returning to the same rule. CLAUDIUS AND ORPHITUS. Under Cumanus, procurator of Judaea, during the days of Unleavened Bread, so great a sedition arose at Jerusalem that, as the people collapsed in the exits of the gates, 34,000 Jews perished. The prophecy of Agabus, who in the Acts of the Apostles had said that a famine would come over the whole world, is fulfilled under Claudius.

Thrace, ruled by kings until then, is reduced to a province. SILANUS AND SILIUS. TIBERIUS III AND ANTONINUS. SILANUS AND OTHO. The apostle Paul pleads in his own defense before Felix, procurator of Judaea. SILANUS II AND ANTONINUS. MARCELLINUS AND AVIOLA. Under Felix, procurator of Judaea, many arose who deceived the people by their persuasion. Among them was a certain Egyptian false prophet who, gathering very many followers, was crushed by Felix's army in the very attempt at great things, as is said to Paul in the Acts of the Apostles: "Are you not the Egyptian who before these days stirred up and led out into the desert four thousand men?" NERO AND VETUS. NERO II AND PISO. Claudius dies in the palace, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.

NERO, sixth, reigns 13 years, 7 months, and 28 or 30 days. Gaius Caligula was his uncle. NERO III AND MESSALA. NERO IV AND CORNELIUS. Festus succeeds Felix; before him, in the presence of King Agrippa, the apostle Paul is to give an account of his religion, and is sent in chains to Rome. Nero was so given to luxury that he bathed in cold and hot perfumes and fished with golden nets drawn in with purple ropes. PIUS AND TURPILIANUS. MARINUS AND GALLUS. CRASSUS AND BASSUS. SILVANUS AND PAULINUS. Nero killed his mother Agrippina and his father's sister. James the brother of the Lord, whom all called the Just, is stoned to death by the Jews; Simeon is taken as the second to his throne. Nero competes on the lyre and defeats everyone. CELSINUS AND APULEIUS. A thunderbolt fell in front of Nero's table. After Mark the evangelist, Anianus is ordained the first bishop of the church of Alexandria. CAPITO AND RUFUS. SILIUS ITALICUS AND TURPILIANUS. SILVANUS AND OTHO. VESPASIAN AND TITUS. VESPASIAN II AND TITUS II. VESPASIAN III AND NERVA. Nero is crowned in the Olympic games, defeating heralds, lyre-players, tragedians, and charioteers in various contests. Nero, to see a likeness of Troy burning, set fire to the greater part of the city of Rome. Musonius and Plutarch are held to be notable philosophers. FIRST PERSECUTION. Nero was the first who, on top of all his crimes, also raised a persecution against the Christians, in which the apostles Peter and Paul died gloriously at Rome. After Peter, LINUS was the first to hold the Roman church, for 12 or 13 years. Vespasian, master of the soldiers, is sent by Nero to subdue the Jews. VESPASIAN IV AND TITUS III. Vespasian defeats the Jews in two battles and drives them back to the walls. Ignatius is ordained second bishop of Antioch. Nero, when the senate was pressing for his punishment, fled from the palace and killed himself at the fourth milestone from the City.

VESPASIAN, seventh, reigned 9 years, 9 months, and 22 or 29 days. VESPASIAN V AND TITUS IV. After Nero, Galba in Spain, Vitellius in Germany, and Otho at Rome seized the empire. But Galba was beheaded at Rome in the seventh month; Otho died by his own hand at Bedriacum; Vitellius, killed by Vespasian's generals, is thrown into the Tiber. Vespasian is hailed as emperor by the army in Judaea; entrusting the war to his son Titus, he sets out for Rome by way of Alexandria. VESPASIAN VI AND TITUS V. Titus, having taken Judaea and overthrown Jerusalem, killed six hundred thousand men. Josephus writes that eleven hundred thousand perished by famine and sword, and another hundred thousand captives were publicly sold. The reason so great a multitude was found at Jerusalem was the feast of Unleavened Bread: because of it Jews streamed to the temple from every nation and were shut up in the city as in a prison. For it was fitting that they should be killed in the same days in which they had crucified the Savior. So the whole time up to the second year of Vespasian and the final overthrow of Jerusalem is gathered thus: from the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar and the beginning of the preaching of the Gospel, 42 years; from the captivity which they suffered under Antiochus, 229 years; from the second year of Darius, under whom the temple was built again, 580 or 590 years; from the first building of the temple under Solomon to its final ruin under Vespasian, 1,103 years. VESPASIAN VII AND TITUS VI. COMMODUS AND RUFUS. Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos, Cilicia, and Commagene, which were formerly free under kings and allies, were reduced to provinces. VESPASIAN VIII AND TITUS VII. VESPASIAN IX AND TITUS VIII. SILVANUS AND VERUS.

DOMITIAN AND MESSALINUS. DOMITIAN II AND RUFUS II. Vespasian dies at his own villa in the Sabine country, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.

TITUS, eighth, reigned three years and two months. Titus, son of Vespasian, was most eloquent in both languages, and of such goodness that when one day at dinner he remembered that he had done nothing for anyone that day, he said, "Friends, I have lost a day today." DOMITIAN III AND SABINUS. DOMITIAN IV AND RUFUS III. Titus built the amphitheater at Rome, and at its dedication killed five thousand wild beasts. DOMITIAN V AND DOLABELLA. CLETUS is appointed second bishop of the Roman church, for 12 years. Titus died of disease in the same villa as his father, in the forty-second year of his age.

DOMITIAN, ninth, Titus's younger brother, reigned 15 years and 5 months. DOMITIAN VI AND RUFUS IV. Domitian's wife was given the title Augusta. Domitian forbids the making of eunuchs; he drives astrologers and philosophers out of the city of Rome. FLAVIUS AND TRAJAN. Domitian sends very many senators into exile; he triumphed over the Dacians and Germans. DOMITIAN VII AND NERVA. Two months were renamed: September as Germanicus, and October as Domitianus. Domitian was the first to order that he be called Lord and God. Abilius is ordained second bishop of Alexandria. TRAJAN II AND GLABRIO. Quintilian, the rhetorician of Calagurris, is famous at Rome. DOMITIAN VIII AND SATURNINUS. SILVANUS AND PRISCUS. Domitian forbade vines to be planted in cities. ASPRENAS AND CLEMENS. Apollonius of Tyana and Euphrates are held to be notable philosophers. Many works were built at Rome, among them the Capitol, the Forum Transitorium, the Portico of the Deified, the temple of Isis, the temple of Serapis, the Stadium, the Pepper Warehouses, the temple of Vespasian, the Minerva Chalcidica, the Odeum, the Forum of Trajan, the Baths of Trajan and of Titus, the Senate house, the Morning School, the Mica Aurea, the Meta Sudans, and the Pantheon. Domitian was so proud that he ordered gold and silver statues of himself to be set up on the Capitol. DOMITIAN IX AND CLEMENS. Many nobles were put to death, and more driven into exile. FULVUS AND VETUS. NERVA II AND RUFUS. SABINUS AND ANTONINUS. NERVA III AND TRAJAN III. CLEMENT presided over the church of Rome as its third bishop, for 9 years. SENECIO AND PALMA. TRAJAN IV AND FRONTO. SECOND PERSECUTION. Domitian, the second after Nero, persecutes the Christians; and under him the apostle John, banished to the island of Patmos, saw the Apocalypse, which Irenaeus interprets. Domitian ordered those who were of the family of David to be killed, so that none of the royal line of the Jews would remain. TRAJAN V AND ORPHITUS. Bruttius writes that very many Christians underwent martyrdom under Domitian, among them Flavia Domitilla, niece through his sister of the consul Flavius Clemens, banished to the island of Pontia because she had testified that she was a Christian. SENECIO II AND SURA. Domitian is killed in the palace in the thirty-fifth year of his age [figure as printed].

NERVA, tenth, reigned one year and four months. TRAJAN VI AND MAXIMUS. Justus of Tiberias is recognized as a writer of the Jews. Cerdo is ordained third bishop of the church of Alexandria. They say that the apostle John at this time was released from exile and withdrew to Ephesus, since the senate had decreed that everything Domitian had ordered should be annulled. Nerva died of disease in the Gardens of Sallust in the seventy-third year of his age [or 82], having already adopted Trajan as his son.

TRAJAN, eleventh, reigned 18 years and 7 months. Trajan was made emperor at Agrippina in Gaul; he was born at Italica in Spain. SENECIO III AND SURA II. Four cities of Asia and two of Greece were overthrown by an earthquake. Trajan triumphed over the Dacians and Scythians. URBANUS AND MARCELLUS. CANDIDUS AND QUADRATUS. COMMODUS AND CEREALIS. By decree of the senate Nerva was enrolled among the gods. EVARISTUS presides over the Roman church as its fourth bishop, for 9 years. Bishop Irenaeus writes that the apostle John lived on until the times of Trajan. After him came Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, Polycarp of Smyrna, and Ignatius of Antioch. SENECIO IV AND SURA III. GALLUS AND BRADUA. AFRICANUS AND CRISPINUS. CRISPINUS II AND BOLANUS. PISO AND RUSTICUS. One named Primus is ordained fourth bishop of the church of Alexandria. TRAJAN VII AND AFRICANUS. THIRD PERSECUTION. When Trajan stirred up a persecution against the Christians, Simon son of Cleophas, who held the episcopate at Jerusalem, is crucified; Justus succeeds him. Ignatius, too, bishop of the church of Antioch, is brought to Rome and handed over to the beasts. After him Eron is appointed the third bishop. CELSUS AND CRISPINUS.

ASTA AND PISO. Pliny the Younger, when he was governing a certain province and had put to death very many Christians during his term of office, was alarmed at their number and asked Trajan what should be done, reporting to him that, apart from their obstinate refusal to sacrifice and their gatherings before dawn to sing to a certain Christ as to a god, nothing was found among them; moreover, to strengthen their discipline, murders, thefts, adulteries, robberies, and the like were forbidden among them. Moved by this, Trajan wrote back that this kind of people was indeed not to be sought out, but if brought to court they ought to be punished. MESSALA AND PEDO. ALEXANDER presides as fifth bishop of the Roman church, for 10 years. AEMILIANUS AND VETUS. NIGRINUS AND APRONIANUS. Pliny the Younger of Novum Comum, a notable orator, died while visiting near Vesuvius; and three cities of Galatia were destroyed by an earthquake. After Justus, Zacchaeus takes up the episcopate of the church of Jerusalem as fourth; after him Tobias, fifth; Benjamin succeeds him as sixth, then John seventh, Matthias eighth, in whose place Philip is appointed ninth. CLARUS AND ALEXANDER. HADRIAN AND SALINATOR. HADRIAN II AND RUSTICUS. SERVILIANUS AND FULVIUS. At this time the Jews in Libya and in Egypt, and those at Cyrene and in the Thebaid, raise great seditions against their neighbors. When the Jews of Alexandria rebelled, the emperor Trajan ordered Lusius Quietus to clear them out of the province; Quietus drew up his army against them and killed countless thousands of them, and for this he is appointed by the emperor procurator of Judaea. The Jews destroyed Salamis, a city of Cyprus. Trajan dies at Selinus, or, as others say, at Seleucia, a city of Isauria, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. His bones were placed in a golden urn and set in the Forum beneath the column, and he alone of all was buried within the City.

HADRIAN, twelfth, reigned 21 years. He was born at Italica in Spain, the son of Trajan's cousin. VERUS AND AUGURINUS. AVIOLA AND PANSA. The senate enrolls Trajan among the gods, and Hadrian remits to the cities their arrears of taxes, publicly burning the records, and frees very many from the taxes themselves. Hadrian subdues the Jews, rebelling against the Romans for the second time. PATERNUS AND TORQUATUS. GLABRIO AND APRONIANUS. War waged against the Sarmatians. XYSTUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as sixth, for 10 years. Justus is ordained fifth bishop of Alexandria. ASIATICUS AND QUINTILLUS. The river Cephissus flooded Eleusis; Hadrian bridged it and spent the winter at Athens. VERUS AND AMBIGUUS. GALLICANUS AND TITIANUS. At Jerusalem, after Philip, Seneca is appointed tenth bishop; after him Justus eleventh; Levi succeeds him as twelfth; after him Ephres thirteenth; Joseph fourteenth; Judas fifteenth. All these, up to the overthrow which Jerusalem suffered under Hadrian, had presided as bishops from the circumcision. Nicomedia fell in an earthquake, and most of the city of Nicaea; Hadrian granted the expenses for their restoration from public funds. TORQUATUS AND LIBO. CELSUS AND MARCELLINUS. CATULLINUS AND APER. PONTIANUS AND RUFINUS. End of the first cycle, and beginning of the next. Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles, and Aristides, our philosopher, published books composed in defense of the Christian religion. Serenus Granius, a man of the highest nobility, sent a letter to the emperor, saying that it was unjust for the blood of innocent men to be granted to the clamor of the mob, and for them to be made defendants for their name and sect alone, without any crime. Moved by this, Hadrian writes to Minucius Fundanus, proconsul of Asia, that Christians are not to be condemned without a charge of crime. A copy of this letter survives to our own day. AUGURINUS AND SERGIANUS. TIBERIUS AND SILANUS. Telesphorus is ordained seventh bishop at Rome, for 11 years. Cornelius is placed over the church of Antioch as fourth. SERGIANUS II AND VERUS. POMPEIANUS AND ATILIANUS. Eumenes presides as sixth over the church of Alexandria. POMPEIANUS II AND COMMODUS. LAELIUS AND ALBINUS. The Jews took up arms and laid waste Palestine while Tinnius Rufus held the province; Hadrian sent him an army to crush the rebels. CAMERINUS AND NIGER. Basilides the heresiarch lives at Alexandria; from him come the Gnostics. Basilides differed from the dogma of Simon in that he believed there are 365 heavens, the number of days that make up the year. So he also commended, as a holy name, ABRAXAS, because the letters of this name, by Greek reckoning, add up to the same number. The Gnostics were named from their presumption of a higher knowledge; some call them Borborites, that is, "the filthy," because of the extreme foulness they are said to practice in their mysteries.

They hand down most fabulous dogmas full of fictions. They say the substance of souls is the nature of God; they are also said to hold in their teaching a good God and an evil God. Barcochebas, leader of the Jews, puts to death with every kind of torture the Christians who would not give him help against the Roman soldiery. The Jewish war waged in Palestine put an end to the affairs of the Jews, who were utterly crushed. From that time even permission to enter Jerusalem was taken from them: first by God's will, as the prophets foretold, then by the prohibitions of the Romans. ANTONINUS AND PRAESENS. At Jerusalem Mark is appointed the first bishop from the Gentiles, those who had been from the Jews coming to an end. ANTONINUS II AND PRAESENS II. SEVERUS AND SILVANUS. Aelia was founded by Aelius Hadrian, and on the front of its gate by which we go out to Bethlehem a pig was carved in marble, signifying that the Jews were subject to Roman power. Hadrian dies at Baiae, over sixty years old.

ANTONINUS TITUS, surnamed Pius, thirteenth, reigned with his sons Aurelius and Lucius 22 years and 3 months. RUFINUS AND TORQUATUS. HYGINUS is ordained eighth bishop at Rome, for 4 years. TORQUATUS II AND HERODES. AVIOLA AND MAXIMUS. Antoninus is called father of his country. Valentinus the heresiarch, and Cerdo, the teacher of Marcion, came to Rome. Valentinus invented many fables about the nature of things, asserting that thirty aeons, that is, ages, existed, whose beginning is Depth and Silence; Depth he also calls the Father. Cerdo's followers teach two principles opposed to each other, and that the lord of the law and the prophets is not the Father of Christ, nor a good God, but a just one, while the Father of Christ is good. [Valentinus] says that from these two, as from a marriage, came forth Mind and Truth, and they brought forth eight aeons; from Mind and Will came forth the Word, and it brought forth ten aeons; further, from the Word and Life came forth Man, and the Church brought forth twelve aeons. So eight, ten, and twelve make thirty aeons, having their beginning from Depth and Silence. Christ, he says, was sent by the Father, that is, by Depth, and brought with him a spiritual or heavenly body; he took nothing from the Virgin Mary, but passed through her as through a stream or a pipe, without taking any flesh from her. He also denies the resurrection of the flesh, affirming that through Christ only the spirit or soul receives salvation; and that Christ himself was not born of a woman, did not have flesh, and did not truly die or suffer anything, but feigned his passion. Some report that with their two principles they speak of two gods, one of whom is good and the other evil. They deny the resurrection of the dead, spurning the New Testament. Marcion too, from whom the Marcionites are named, followed the dogma of Cerdo, adding that there are not two principles only but three: one good, another just, the third wicked. Though some think that the author of the third principle was a certain Sirenus rather than Marcion. ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. PIUS is ordained ninth bishop at Rome, for 15 years. At this time Justin the philosopher presented to the emperor Antoninus a book written in defense of our religion. Heros is appointed fifth bishop at Antioch. ANTONINUS IV AND AURELIUS II. LARGUS AND MESSALINUS. TORQUATUS III AND JULIANUS. Mark takes up the episcopate at Alexandria as seventh. ORPHITUS AND PRISCUS. GLABRIO AND VETUS. GORDIANUS AND MAXIMUS. GLABRIO II AND ROMULUS. PRAESENS AND RUFINUS. COMMODUS AND LATERANUS. VERUS AND SABINUS. SILVANUS AND AUGURINUS. BARBARUS AND REGULUS. Celadion presided over the church of Alexandria as eighth. TERTULLUS AND SACERDOS. Crescens the Cynic stirred up a persecution against Justin, a philosopher of our teaching, who had convicted him of being a betrayer of philosophy because of his excessive gluttony; in it Justin gloriously shed his blood for Christ. QUINTILLUS AND PRISCUS. VERUS II AND BRADUA. ANICETUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as tenth, for 10 years; under him Polycarp came to Rome and corrected many from heretical error. ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS III. At Jerusalem, after Mark, Cassianus took up the episcopate as seventeenth, Publius eighteenth, Maximus nineteenth, then Julianus twentieth, then Gaianus twenty-first, Symmachus twenty-second, then Gaius twenty-third, Julianus twenty-fourth, and after him Capito twenty-fifth. Antoninus Pius dies at his villa at Lorium, at the twelfth milestone from the City, in the seventy-second year of his life [or 77].