Revelation 1 in the early church

[Vulgate: Apocalypse]

190 passages quote, allude to, or echo Revelation 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 20

Revelation 1 as a whole

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1–Rev:22	Canon 47 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	397

Revelation 1:1

This is the revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants what must soon come to pass. He made it known by sending His angel to His servant John,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:1	Lines 71–80 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	late 2nd or 4th century (disputed)
Rev 1:1	Church History 7.25.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 300–325
Rev 1:1	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 48.10.1 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:1	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 51.32.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, high confidence	374-377

Revelation 1:3

Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear and obey what is written in it, because the time is near.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:3	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.1 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, high confidence	late 3rd century

Revelation 1:4

John, To the seven churches in the province of Asia: Grace and peace to you from Him who is and was and is to come, and from the seven spirits before His throne,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:4	Lines 51–60 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	late 2nd or 4th century (disputed)
Rev 1:4	The Instructor 1.8.71 · Clement of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 190–200
Rev 1:4	Hortatory Address to the Greeks 32 · Anonymous	allusion, low confidence	2nd–3rd century (disputed)
Rev 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.177 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Rev 1:4	To Quirinus 1.20 · Cyprian of Carthage	allusion, high confidence	ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later)
Rev 1:4	To Fortunatus 11 · Cyprian of Carthage	allusion, medium confidence	253 or 257
Rev 1:4	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.1 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:4	Church History 7.25.10 · Eusebius of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 300–325
Rev 1:4	Oration I Against the Arians 11 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 339–346
Rev 1:4	Cento, lines 1–23 · Proba	echo, low confidence	ca. 360
Rev 1:4	Against Parmenian the Donatist 2.14 · Optatus of Milevis	allusion, low confidence	ca. 366–385
Rev 1:4	Book of Rules 5 · Tyconius	allusion, high confidence	ca. 380
Rev 1:4	Sermon 95.2 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Rev 1:4	Tractates on the Gospel of John 122.8 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 406–420
Rev 1:4	City of God 17.4 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	413–426
Rev 1:4	Instructions 1.1 · Eucherius of Lyon	allusion, high confidence	ca. 428-434

Revelation 1:5

and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To Him who loves us and has released us from our sins by His blood,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:5	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.1 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:5	Res. 3.5 · Methodius of Olympus	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd cent. (disputed)
Rev 1:5	Church History 5.2.3 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 300–325
Rev 1:5	Tractates on the Psalms 118.21.8 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 360–367
Rev 1:5	Oration 40.2 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 362–383
Rev 1:5	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:5	Exposition of Psalm 118 20.3.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Rev 1:5	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 39.17.2 · Ambrose	echo, low confidence	ca. 387-397

Revelation 1:6

who has made us to be a kingdom, priests to His God and Father—to Him be the glory and power forever and ever! Amen.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:6	On Pascha 68 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis	echo, low confidence	ca. 160-180
Rev 1:6	Prophetic Extracts 44.1 · Clement of Alexandria	echo, medium confidence	ca. 200
Rev 1:6	Exhortation to Chastity 7 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 208
Rev 1:6	On Monogamy 7 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	ca. 210–217
Rev 1:6	On Monogamy 12 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 210–217
Rev 1:6	On the Crown 15 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	211
Rev 1:6	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.1 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:6	Divine Institutes 7.6.1 · Lactantius	echo, low confidence	ca. 303–311
Rev 1:6	Exposition of Psalm 118 17.21.1 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 386-397
Rev 1:6	On the Mysteries 6 · Ambrose	echo, low confidence	ca. 387–391
Rev 1:6	Letters 25.5 · Paulinus of Nola	echo, low confidence	ca. 394–413

Revelation 1:7

Behold, He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see Him—even those who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. So shall it be! Amen.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:7	Epistle of Barnabas 7.9 · Anonymous	echo, medium confidence	ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Rev 1:7	Sibylline Oracles 8.211ff. · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	2nd-3rd cent.
Rev 1:7	Dialogue with Trypho 14.8 · Justin Martyr	echo, medium confidence	ca. 155–160
Rev 1:7	Against the Jews 14 · Tertullian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 197–207
Rev 1:7	On the Flesh of Christ 24 · Tertullian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 206–211
Rev 1:7	Lines 1027–1058 · Commodian	allusion, high confidence	3rd century (disputed)
Rev 1:7	Instructions 1.36 · Commodian	allusion, medium confidence	3rd century (disputed)
Rev 1:7	Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 50 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century)
Rev 1:7	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.1 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:7	Oration to the Assembly of the Saints 18.3 · Constantine the Great	echo, medium confidence	ca. 325 (dated variously 317–325)
Rev 1:7	Against Marcellus 2.4.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, low confidence	ca. 336–337
Rev 1:7	Catechetical Lecture 13.36 · Cyril of Jerusalem	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 350
Rev 1:7	Long recension, Smyrnaeans 4 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	later 4th century (probable)
Rev 1:7	On the Trinity 3.16 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 356–360
Rev 1:7	Letter 181 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, high confidence	ca. 360–390
Rev 1:7	Oration 40.45 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, high confidence	ca. 362–383
Rev 1:7	Question 105, section 1 · Ambrosiaster	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–384
Rev 1:7	Apostolic Constitutions 5.20.2 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 380
Rev 1:7	On the Christian Faith 2.4 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 378–380
Rev 1:7	Poem 27, lines 415–444 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 393–431

Revelation 1:8

“I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, who is and was and is to come—the Almighty.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:8	On Pascha 105 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis	allusion, high confidence	ca. 160-180
Rev 1:8	The Instructor 1.6.36 · Clement of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 190–200
Rev 1:8	Against Heresies 1.15.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:8	Miscellanies 4.25.157 · Clement of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 198–203
Rev 1:8	Miscellanies 6.16.141 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–203
Rev 1:8	Against Noetus 6 · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 200–230
Rev 1:8	Against All Heresies 5 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	early 3rd cent. (disputed)
Rev 1:8	On Monogamy 5 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	ca. 210–217
Rev 1:8	Against Praxeas 17 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 213 or later
Rev 1:8	On First Principles 1.2.10 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
Rev 1:8	Refutation of All Heresies 6.47.2 · Hippolytus of Rome	echo, medium confidence	ca. 222–235
Rev 1:8	Refutation of All Heresies 6.49.3 · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 222–235
Rev 1:8	Refutation of All Heresies 6.50.3 · Hippolytus of Rome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 222–235
Rev 1:8	Commentary on John 1.209 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:8	Commentary on Romans 9.39 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
Rev 1:8	Commentary on Romans 10.38 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
Rev 1:8	Acts of Crispina 1 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	304 (5 December)
Rev 1:8	Oration III Against the Arians 4 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 339–346
Rev 1:8	Against the Arians 15 · Phoebadius of Agen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 357-358
Rev 1:8	On the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia 49 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	359 (additions 361)
Rev 1:8	Against Eunomius 2.14 · Basil of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 364
Rev 1:8	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.8.8 · Epiphanius of Salamis	allusion, high confidence	374-377
Rev 1:8	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.9.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis	allusion, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:8	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 51.20.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:8	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 57.9.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:8	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 62.7.8 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, high confidence	374-377
Rev 1:8	On the Christian Faith 2.4 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 378–380
Rev 1:8	On the Trinity 3 · Faustinus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–384
Rev 1:8	Theological Oration 3 (Or. 29), On the Son 17 · Gregory of Nazianzus	quotation, high confidence	380
Rev 1:8	Book of Heresies 42.2 · Philastrius of Brescia	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380s
Rev 1:8	Eleven Tractates 1.3 · Priscillian	allusion, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:8	Eleven Tractates 3.62 · Priscillian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:8	On Faith and the Creed 15 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	393
Rev 1:8	Against Jovinianus 1.18 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393
Rev 1:8	Poem 6, lines 96–127 · Paulinus of Nola	echo, low confidence	ca. 393–431
Rev 1:8	Poem 19, lines 637–671 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 393–431
Rev 1:8	Poem 32, lines 191–220 · Paulinus of Nola	echo, medium confidence	ca. 393–431
Rev 1:8	Letters 37.5 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Rev 1:8	Carmina 3.60–89 · Orientius of Auch	allusion, high confidence	5th-6th century(?)
Rev 1:8	Book 2, lines 97–122 · Sedulius	echo, low confidence	ca. 425-450

Revelation 1:9

I, John, your brother and partner in the tribulation and kingdom and perseverance that are in Jesus, was on the island of Patmos because of the word of God and my testimony about Jesus.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:9	Acts of John 14 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	ca. 150–200
Rev 1:9	Who Is the Rich Man That Is Saved? 42.2 · Clement of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 190–210
Rev 1:9	On Christ and Antichrist 36 · Hippolytus of Rome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 200–215
Rev 1:9	Commentary on Matthew 16.6 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 246–248
Rev 1:9	Commentary on the Apocalypse 10.3 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, medium confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:9	Church History 3.18.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 300–325
Rev 1:9	Church History 7.25.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 300–325
Rev 1:9	Demonstration of the Gospel 3.5.65 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 314–324
Rev 1:9	Long recension, Tarsians 4 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	later 4th century (probable)
Rev 1:9	That One Must Die for the Son of God 11 · Lucifer of Cagliari	allusion, high confidence	ca. 356–361
Rev 1:9–10	Question 76, section 2 · Ambrosiaster	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–384
Rev 1:9	Letter 3.4 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Rev 1:9	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 51.12.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis	allusion, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:9	Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 51.33.9 · Epiphanius of Salamis	allusion, medium confidence	374-377
Rev 1:9	On Illustrious Men 9 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	392–393
Rev 1:9	Against Jovinianus 1.26 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	393
Rev 1:9	Seven Books of History against the Pagans 7.10.5 · Orosius	allusion, high confidence	ca. 417–418

Revelation 1:10

On the Lord’s day I was in the Spirit, and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:10	To the Magnesians 9.1 · Ignatius of Antioch	echo, low confidence	ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135)
Rev 1:10	On the Soul 8 · Tertullian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 210
Rev 1:10	Against Celsus 8.22 · Origen	echo, low confidence	ca. 248
Rev 1:10	Tricennial Oration (In Praise of Constantine) 17.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea	echo, low confidence	335–336
Rev 1:10	On the Words of Scripture 3 · Marius Victorinus	allusion, low confidence	ca. 357–362

Revelation 1:11

saying, “Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.”
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:11	Homilies on Numbers 3.3 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Rev 1:11	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.7 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:11	Against Parmenian the Donatist 6.3 · Optatus of Milevis	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 366–385
Rev 1:11	Letter 49.2 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386–430
Rev 1:11	Letter 55.10 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386–430

Revelation 1:12

Then I turned to see the voice that was speaking with me. And having turned, I saw seven golden lampstands,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:12	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:12	To Quirinus 1.20 · Cyprian of Carthage	allusion, high confidence	ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later)
Rev 1:12–18	To Quirinus 2.26 · Cyprian of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later)
Rev 1:12	To Fortunatus 11 · Cyprian of Carthage	allusion, high confidence	253 or 257
Rev 1:12	On the Making of the World 8 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:12	Letter 24.5 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 386–430
Rev 1:12	Letters 3.5 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 394–413
Rev 1:12	Letters 5.7 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 394–413

Revelation 1:13

and among the lampstands was One like the Son of Man, dressed in a long robe, with a golden sash around His chest.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:13	The Instructor 2.10.113 · Clement of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 190–200
Rev 1:13	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:13	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.2 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:13	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.4 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:13	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385

Revelation 1:14

The hair of His head was white like wool, as white as snow, and His eyes were like a blazing fire.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:14	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:14	The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity 5 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	203
Rev 1:14	On the Dress of Virgins 16 · Cyprian of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 249
Rev 1:14	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.2 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:14	Letter 10.2 · Jerome	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–419
Rev 1:14	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:14	Letters 49.3 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Rev 1:14	Literal Commentary on Genesis 9.2 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 401–415

Revelation 1:15

His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace, and His voice was like the roar of many waters.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:15	Against Heresies 4.14.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:15	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:15	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.5 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:15	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:15	Literal Commentary on Genesis 9.2 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 401–415

Revelation 1:16

He held in His right hand seven stars, and a sharp double-edged sword came from His mouth. His face was like the sun shining at its brightest.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:16	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:16	Against Marcion 3.14 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	207/208 (third edition, completed later)
Rev 1:16	Letter 4.3 · Cyprian of Carthage	echo, low confidence	249/250–258
Rev 1:16	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.3 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:16	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.4 · Victorinus of Pettau	allusion, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:16	Commentary on the Apocalypse 1.6 · Victorinus of Pettau	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd century
Rev 1:16	Tractates on the Psalms 149.4 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, high confidence	ca. 360–367
Rev 1:16	Tractates 2.13.1 · Zeno of Verona	allusion, high confidence	ca. 362-380
Rev 1:16	Letter 14.2 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Rev 1:16	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:16	Eleven Tractates 10.125 · Priscillian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:16	Exposition of Psalm 118 5.25.1 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 386-397
Rev 1:16	Letters 37.4 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Rev 1:16	Letters 49.3 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 394–413

Revelation 1:17

When I saw Him, I fell at His feet like a dead man. But He placed His right hand on me and said, “Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:17	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:17–18	Commentary on John 1.132 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:17	Commentary on John 1.209 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:17	Commentary on John 1.219 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:17	Commentary on John 1.220 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:17	Sermon 298.1 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Rev 1:17	Letters 2 · Capreolus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	431-433

Revelation 1:18

the Living One. I was dead, and behold, now I am alive forever and ever! And I hold the keys of Death and of Hades.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:18	Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:18	Commentary on John 1.227 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Rev 1:18	Against Arius 3.17 · Marius Victorinus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 357–362
Rev 1:18	Tractates 2.55.1 · Zeno of Verona	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 362-380
Rev 1:18	Tractates 2.62.1 · Zeno of Verona	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 362-380
Rev 1:18	Eleven Tractates 1.30 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
Rev 1:18	Letters 2 · Capreolus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	431-433

Revelation 1:20

This is the mystery of the seven stars you saw in My right hand and of the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Rev 1:20	Against Heresies 5.20.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 180–190
Rev 1:20	On Prayer 11.3 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 233–234
Rev 1:20	To Quirinus 1.20 · Cyprian of Carthage	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later)
Rev 1:20	Tractates on the Psalms 129.7 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, high confidence	ca. 360–367
Rev 1:20	Oration 42.9 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, high confidence	ca. 362–383
Rev 1:20	Against Parmenian the Donatist 2.6 · Optatus of Milevis	allusion, high confidence	ca. 366–385
Rev 1:20	Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius	allusion, high confidence	ca. 380
Rev 1:20	On Christian Doctrine 3.30 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427