Chronicle

Adam, when he was 230 years old, begot Seth. Seth, when he was 205 years old, begot Enos. Enos, when he was 190, begot Cainan. Cainan, when he was 165, begot Malaleel. Malaleel, at 165, begot Jared. Jared, when he was 162, begot Enoch. Enoch, when he was 165 [printed 160], begot Mathusalem. Mathusalem, when he was 167 [printed 297], begot Lamech. Lamech, when he was 188 [printed 292], begot Noe. Noe was 500 years old when he begot three sons, Sem, Cham, and Japheth. A hundred years later, when he begot Sem, the flood came, when he was 600 years old. To establish the reliability of the dates, these generations are traced again from the beginning, with the number of years assigned to each. For the posterity of Cain the fratricide was not worthy to be counted with the people of God. But when sin had crept more widely, and the greatest part of the good had mixed themselves in marriages with foreign women, the crime of that unlawful union deserved to be expiated by the flood, Noe alone, a just man, being kept with his wife, his three sons, and as many daughters-in-law, to restore the human race. From Adam to the flood, then, there were ten generations, 2,242 years.

After the flood these generations follow. Sem, son of Noe, when he was a hundred, begot Arphaxad, in the second year after the flood. Arphaxad, when he was 135, begot Cainan. Cainan, when he was 130, begot Salem. Then Salem, when he was 130, begot Heber. Heber, when he was 134, begot Phalec. At this time, to throw into confusion the building of the proud tower, the languages were divided, and the nations were scattered over the whole earth. Phalec, when he was 130, begot Ragau. Ragau, when he was 132, begot Seruch. Seruch, when he was 130, begot Nachor. Nachor, when he was 79, begot Thare. Thare, at 70, begot Abraham, who, when he was 75, is admonished by a divine word to go out from his land and from his father's house and pass into the land of Chanaan. At this time the promise was made to Abraham that he would be the father of nations. And from the seventy-fifth year of Abraham, in which the promise begins, to Moses and the departure of the Hebrew nation from Egypt, 430 years are found. From the flood to the first year of the promise, then, there are 1,166 years [figure as printed], and from Adam 3,398. Abraham, at ninety, had begotten Ismael of the slave woman Agar; from him come the Ismaelites, later called Agarenes, and lastly Saracens. At this time Abraham, justified by faith, by which he believed that all nations would be blessed in his seed, received the command of circumcision, which, until the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, was the bodily sign of the promise, and which passed over into the spiritual sacrament of the true circumcision of the heart. Abraham, in the hundredth year of his age and the twenty-fifth of the promise, begot Isaac of the free woman. Isaac, when he was 60, begot twins, of whom the first was Esau, also called Edom, from whom come the Idumaeans. At this time Inachus reigned at Argos; his daughter was Io, whom the Egyptians called Isis and worshipped with divine honor. Next came Jacob, later called Israel, from whom come the Israelites, who are now the Jews. This was the twenty-sixth year of the promise. From the first year of Jacob to the rule of Joseph in Egypt there are 121 years. In the fifteenth year of this period, which is the hundredth of the promise, Abraham dies at 175 years old. In these times, as the Greeks relate, Jupiter lay with Niobe, and from that union Apis was born, whom they call Serapis. So Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are older than Serapis. At this time Messana, also called Mamertina, was founded. Jacob, in his seventy-eighth year, went down to Mesopotamia and served with Laban for seven years. Jacob, when he was 92, had begotten Joseph, who, when he was 17, was sold by his brothers, in the 102nd year of his father Jacob. Isaac dies in the 180th year of his age, leaving his son Jacob, who was 102 years old. At this time Memphis was founded in Egypt by Apis. Joseph was ruler of Egypt for 80 years; in the twenty-sixth of them Jacob died, in the 147th year of his age, prophesying of Christ and the calling of the nations.

In the ninth year of Joseph's rule, which was the second year of the famine, Jacob went into Egypt with his sons. Joseph himself dies in the 110th year of his age. The servitude of the Hebrews in Egypt lasted 164 years. In the twentieth year of this servitude, Atlas the astrologer, brother of Prometheus, was held to be famous. In the sixty-fifth year of this servitude, which is the 350th year of the promise, Aram begot Moses, when he was 70 years old. At this time Epidaurus was founded, and the temple of Delphic Apollo was founded by Erisichthon. In the seventy-seventh year of the Hebrews' servitude, Haemon first reigned in Thessaly. In the eightieth year, Phorbas took Rhodes. In the eighty-second year, Hercules overcame Antaeus in a wrestling match. In the eighty-seventh year, Trochilus is said to have been the first to yoke a four-horse chariot. In the ninetieth year, Xanthus Triopas founded Lesbos. In the hundredth year, Cecrops reigned in Attica; under him the olive sprang up on the citadel, and from the name of Minerva, who in Greek is called Athena, Athens was named. In the 113th year, the Curetes and Corybantes founded Cnossus; they invented the dance in arms set to rhythm.

Moses, in the eightieth year of his age, when 430 years from the beginning of the promise were complete, is made the leader of the Hebrew nation's journey out of Egypt, giving them the law in the desert over 40 years. At this time Corinth is founded, which was formerly called Ephyre. In the fifth year of this period, Aaron, the brother of Moses, was appointed the first high priest among the Hebrews. At this time the temple of Delphic Apollo was built by Erisichthon. Up to this point the five books of Moses contain the history of 3,700 years according to the Seventy Translators.

After Moses died, Joshua is made leader; he held the rule 27 years and distributed the land of the Palestinians to the Jews by lot. At this time Eleazar took up the high priesthood among the Hebrews. After the death of Joshua foreigners held the Hebrews subject for eight years, which, according to the tradition of the Jews, are joined to the times of Gothoniel. In this age Phinees was high priest among the Hebrews. So all the years of Gothoniel are reckoned at 40. He was of the tribe of Juda. After Gothoniel the Hebrews were subject to foreigners for 18 years, which, according to the tradition of the Jews, are joined to the times of Aod. So all the years of Aod the judge, of the tribe of Ephrem, are reckoned at eighty. At the end of this age Amphion reigned at Thebes. Debbora with Barach, 40 years, among which are the 30 years in which, after the death of Aod, foreigners held the Hebrews subject. Debbora was of the tribe of Ephrem, Barach of the tribe of Nephtalim. In the seventeenth year of this age, Ilium was founded by Ilus. Gedeon of the tribe of Manasse, 40 years, among which are the seven years in which foreigners held the Hebrews subject, according to the tradition of the Hebrews. At this time Tyre was founded. The Argonauts lived in these times. Cyzicus was founded at this time. Orpheus the Thracian was held to be famous. Abimelech son of Gedeon, three years. These are also the times of Hercules. Thola, 23 years [or 22, from another manuscript]. To this age is ascribed the war of the Lapiths and Centaurs. Priam reigns after Laomedon. Medea in Colchis, the death of Androgeus, and the tale of the Minotaur belong to this time. Jair of the tribe of Manasse, 22 years. In this age Agamemnon reigned at Mycenae, Menelaus at Lacedaemon. In the sixth of these years the Tyrians founded Carthage. This age had Atreus reigning at Argos, and also Phaedra and Hippolytus. Jephte, 6 years; Esbon, 7 years. This was the time of the rape of Helen. The Trojan War. Labdon, 18 years [or 8]. In the third year of his rule Troy was taken. And in the eighth year of the same Labdon, Aeneas reigns over the Latins three years. Samson, 20 years. In his third year Ascanius, son of Aeneas, founded Alba. Ascanius reigns over the Latins 37 years, or 38. After him Silvius, the posthumous son of Aeneas, 27 years [or 29]; from him the kings of the Albans were called Silvii. Heli the priest, 40 years. When Heli the priest had died, the ark of the covenant is held by the foreigners. Samuel and Saul, 40 years. Saul, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the first king of the Hebrews; in the ninth year of his reign Aeneas Silvius reigns over the Latins 31 years. After him Latinus Silvius reigns fifty years. From the beginning of the rule of Moses to the start of David's reign, 439 years. David, of the tribe of Juda, was the first of it to reign, for 40 years; at that time Abiathar the high priest was famous, and Gad, Nathan, and Asaph prophesied. Solomon son of David, 40 years; he began to build the temple at Jerusalem and completed it in eight years.

At this time Sadoc was famous as priest of the Hebrews. In the fortieth year of Solomon's reign, Alba Silvius, the sixth, begins to reign over the Latins, for 38 years. Roboam, 17 years. After Solomon's death the kingdom of the Hebrews was divided by sedition, and those who were in Samaria were called Israel; over them Jeroboam reigned first. Roboam, son of Solomon, reigned in Jerusalem, with two tribes subject to him, which were called Juda, after the king of the Jews of the stock of Juda. At this time Aegyptus Silvius, the seventh, reigns among the Latins 23 years. In the seventh year of Jeroboam's reign, Susachim king of Egypt, making war on the Jews, plunders the temple. Abia, three years; Abimelech, high priest of the Hebrews, was illustrious, and Athias, Sameas, Jemoded, and Azarias, also called Addo, and Anani prophesied. Asa the just, 41 years. Josaphat the just, 65 years [figure as printed]. Abdias, Jehu, and Micheas prophesied among the Hebrews. In the twelfth year of this reign, Capys Silvius reigns among the Latins seven years. Then, ninth, Carpentus Silvius, five years. Joram, eight years; at that time Elias and Eliseus prophesied. Ochozias, one year. Jonadab son of Rechab was famous. Gotholia the mother, seven years. At this time the poet Homer was famous in Greece. Joas, 40 years. In these times Joiada was a notable high priest among the Hebrews; he alone after Moses lived 130 years. At this time the prophet Azarias is killed, and the prophet Zacharias too is slain by King Joas. Among the Latins, twelfth, Aremulus Silvius, 19 years. After him Aventinus Silvius reigned 37 years; from him the Aventine hill is named. After him, fourteenth, Procas Silvius, 26 years. After him, fifteenth, Amulius Silvius, 43 years. Amasias, 29 years. Azarias, also called Osias, 52 years. The sixth year of this reign was passing when the kings of the Assyrians came to an end and the empire passed to the Medes. Among the Hebrews Osee, Amos, Isaias, and Jonas prophesied, in the twenty-first year of Osias. In the forty-ninth year of the same king the first Olympiad is established: the Eleans held a contest every fifth year, with four years between; and this period between contests they called an Olympiad, Iphitus being its founder. Joathan, 16 years. Osee, Amos, Isaias, and Joel, also called Jobeth, prophesied. Achaz, 16 years. In the fifth year of this reign Romulus, having founded Rome, began to reign. In the eleventh year of the same reign of Achaz the ten tribes of the Hebrew nation, which were called Israel and lived in the region of Samaria, were conquered by Sennacherim, also called Salmanasar, king of the Chaldeans, and carried away to the mountains of the Medes, the kingdom in Samaria having lasted 250 years. Sennacherim sent Assyrian settlers to guard the region of Judaea; they became imitators of the law of the Jews and were called Samaritans, which in Latin means "guardians." Ezechias, 29 years, under whom Isaias and Osee prophesied among the Hebrews. Romulus took his first soldiers from the people, and a hundred noble old men, whom he called senators for their age and fathers for their care. At the same time Syracuse and Catana in Sicily were founded. Manasses, 55 years. At the beginning of his reign Numa Pompilius reigned among the Romans, for 41 years, the senate having ruled for one year after Romulus. Ammon, 12 years. At the beginning of this reign Tullus Hostilius was in the seventeenth year of his rule at Rome; he reigned 32 years. Josias, 32 years; during his reign Chelcias was a notable high priest of the Hebrews, and at the same time Jeremias, Sophonias, and Olda, a woman, prophesied. Among the Romans Ancus reigned, who founded the city of Ostia; he reigned 23 years. After him Tarquinius Priscus reigns 37 years. Josias king of the Jews is killed in battle with Nechao, king of the Egyptians. Thales of Miletus is recognized as the first natural philosopher. In the twenty-first year of the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, Massilia was founded. Joachaz, three months. Joachim, also called Eliachim, 11 years. In the third year of Joachim, Nabuchodonosor king of Babylonia takes Judaea, and having brought very many of the Jews under his power, seized part of the vessels of the temple, and made Joachim tributary, he returned victorious to his own country. Joatham, or Joachim, also called Jechonias, three months. In Babylon Ananias, Daniel, Azarias, and Misael were famous. The Babylonian king took Jechonias captive and carried him off with him when he came to Judaea a second time. Sedecias, 11 years. Nabuchodonosor king of the Chaldeans, having taken Jerusalem, burned the temple, which had stood from the beginning of its building 342 years [or 352].

The 70 years of the captivity of the Jews, which are reckoned up to the second year of Darius. Among the Romans, after Tarquinius Priscus, Servius reigns 34 years. Tarquinius Superbus succeeded him and reigned 35 years. In the twenty-fifth year of his reign Aggeus, Zacharias, and Malachias prophesied among the Hebrews, Jesus son of Josedech being high priest. At this time the philosopher Pythagoras was famous. From David to the 70 years of the captivity of the Jews, 555 years are reckoned. From the seventieth year of the captivity of the Jews are reckoned the 33 years of Darius king of the Persians. In the tenth year of his reign the rule of kings came to an end among the Romans; that power had lasted among them 240 years. From then on the Romans had consuls, beginning with Brutus; then tribunes of the people and dictators, and again consuls held the republic for 464 or 444 years, until Julius Caesar. Xerxes son of Darius reigns 20 years; at that time Sophocles and Euripides were famous. The same age had Herodotus, the writer of histories. After Xerxes, Artabanus reigned seven months. Artaxerxes, 40 years. In his reign Esdras the priest was notable among the Hebrews; in his age the high priest was Eliachim, otherwise Eliasib, son of Joachin, son of Jesus, son of Josedech. The philosophers Empedocles and Parmenides, Zeno and Heraclitus flourished. Then too lived Pherecydes the historian, Cratinus the comic poet, and Aristarchus the tragic poet. In the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, Nehemias, a Hebrew and the king's servant, came by his master's leave from Babylon to Judaea, and in the thirty-second year restored the walls and the city. If anyone counts from this time the seventy weeks written of by Daniel, which make 490 years, he will find them completed in the reign of Nero, under whom the siege of Jerusalem began; it was taken afterward, in the second year of Vespasian. In these times Hippocrates the physician and Socrates the philosopher were illustrious. Xerxes, two months. Plato is born. Sogdianus, seven months; one year is reckoned for these. Darius surnamed Nothus, 19 years, otherwise 18. Dionysius exercises tyranny in Sicily. The Romans sought laws from the Athenians through envoys, and from them the Twelve Tables were written. Artaxerxes Mnemon, son of Darius and Parysatis, 40 years. In the fifteenth year of this reign the Senonian Gauls occupied Rome, except the Capitol. Aristotle in the eighteenth year of his age becomes a pupil of Plato. Artaxerxes, also called Ochus, 26 years. At the beginning of his reign Camillus defeated the Gauls who had made war on the Romans. At the same time Alexander son of Philip is born. The same age had the orator Demosthenes famous. Arses son of Ochus, four years. At this time a census was taken at Rome, and 160,000 citizens were found. Among the Jews Jaddus the high priest was famous. Darius son of Arsames, six years. At this time, among the Romans, the consul Manlius Torquatus had his son beaten with rods and struck with the axe, because he had fought the enemy against orders. In this season Alexander son of Philip began to reign; in the sixth year of his rule he overthrew the kingdom of the Persians, and he founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Appius Claudius the Blind is famous among the Romans; he brought in the Claudian aqueduct and paved the Appian Way. The Romans subdue the Samnites. ALEXANDER reigned seven years after the end of the kingdom of the Persians, and dies at Babylon in the thirty-second year of his age. The kingdom of the Alexandrians begins, which Ptolemy son of Lagus held 40 years. In the fourth year of his reign he brought Jerusalem and Judaea under his power and carried very many captives into Egypt. Then Onias son of Jaddus was famous as high priest of the Jews. The Hebrew history of the Maccabees reckons the kingdom of the Greeks from this point. But these books are not received by the Hebrews among the divine Scriptures. The Romans defeat the Marsi, the Hernici, and the Peligni. In these years Seleucus founded the cities of Antioch, Laodicea, Apamea, Edessa, Beroea, and Pella, in which he gave citizen rights to the Jews he had transplanted. Seleucus took Babylon. In the twenty-fifth year of Ptolemy's reign, Simon son of Onias was notable as high priest of the Jews. At Rome a census was taken, and 270,000 citizens were found. Eleazar, the brother of Simon, took up the high priesthood among the Jews, because Simon's son Onias, being still a boy, had not been able to succeed his father. At that time Beneventum and Ariminum were founded by the Romans. Ptolemy, also called Philadelphus, 38 years. He let the Jews who were in Egypt go free, and, sending votive vessels to Eleazar, high priest of Jerusalem, had the divine Scriptures translated from the Hebrew language into the Greek tongue by the Seventy Translators, and kept them in the library of Alexandria, which he had gathered for himself from every kind of literature.

The silver coin was first struck in the City in the thirteenth year of this reign. In the twenty-fourth year of this reign the Romans defeat the Carthaginians in a naval battle and take a hundred cities of Libya. After Eleazar, his uncle Manasses received the high priesthood of the Jews; after him Onias, son of Simon the Just, was famous as high priest; by not paying Ptolemy the customary tribute he roused him to anger. But Joseph, a man noble among his people, sent by the Jews as envoy to Ptolemy, having earned the king's friendship by many services, is appointed governor of Judaea and the neighboring regions. When the Parthians broke away from the empire of the Macedonians, Arsaces reigned first, from whom the Arsacids are named. Ptolemy Euergetes, 26 years. In this period Simon son of Onias was famous as high priest of the Jews; under him Jesus son of Sirach composed the book of Wisdom which they call Panaretos. The poet Ennius is born at Tarentum. Rhodes is shaken by an earthquake, and the Colossus falls. About 40,000 Gauls were slain by the Romans. Ptolemy Philopator, 17 years. The Jews were defeated and 40,000 of their armed men slain. The Romans subdue Capua and Sicily. Antiochus king of Syria, having defeated Philopator, takes Judaea for himself. Ptolemy Epiphanes, 24 years. Having appointed Scopas commander of his army, he takes Judaea and very many cities of Syria. The second book of Maccabees contains the deeds of this time. In this season, when the Romans through envoys demanded back from Antiochus Hannibal, who after his defeat by Scipio had allied himself with him, Hannibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia; and when he was demanded back from him too, through Flaminius, and was about to be handed over, he drank poison, and was buried at Libyssa in Bithynia. Caecilius the comic poet. Ptolemy Philometor, 25 or 35 years. In his fourth year Hyrcanus, son of Joseph the governor of Judaea, went to Ptolemy and was honorably received by him. But his brothers raised a sedition against him and became the cause of great calamities for the Jewish nation. Aristobulus, a Jew by birth and a Peripatetic philosopher, flourished; he wrote for Ptolemy Philometor commentaries explaining Moses. At the same time Antiochus Epiphanes, having withdrawn, frightened by the command of the Roman senate, from the territory of the Ptolemies which he had suddenly invaded, came to Judaea, and there gave the high priesthood to Jesus, also called Jason, the brother of Onias. When he was later expelled, Antiochus gave him a successor, Onias surnamed Menelaus. So, as a sedition arose among the leaders over the dignity of the priesthood, the seeds of enormous miseries sprouted. Samaritans and Jews at Alexandria contend before Ptolemy as judge over the honors to be paid by each side to its own temple, and the Jews win. In the twentieth year of the same reign, the priesthood and the leadership were decreed to Judas Maccabaeus by the favor of all the Jews, after the death of his enemy Alcimus. Having taken up this dignity, he sent envoys to Rome and obtained by decree of the senate that the Jews should be considered friends and allies of the Romans. The same Judas drove out of Judaea the generals of Antiochus, who had attacked the law of the Jews with great profanity, and, cleansing the temple of the images of idols, restored the ancestral rites to his fellow citizens after three years. The poet Ennius dies and is buried in the tomb of the Scipios on the Appian Way. Judas Maccabaeus, after holding the high priesthood for three years, is killed fighting against the generals of Demetrius. Terence of Carthage, the writer of comedies, dies. Pacuvius the tragic poet is famous, the grandson of the poet Ennius through his daughter; he lived at Rome while he practiced painting and sold his plays; then he moved to Tarentum and died at nearly ninety. A census was taken at Rome and 332,000 citizens were found; at this time Carthage is brought under Roman power by Scipio. Ptolemy Euergetes, 29 years. Jonathas, high priest of the Jews, is killed by Tryphon, and Simon, Jonathas's brother, is taken into the priesthood; when he was killed, his son John succeeded him, who, waging war against the Hyrcanians, took the name Hyrcanus, and was enrolled among the friends of the Romans by decree of the senate. He also took Samaria by siege and leveled it to the ground; Herod later rebuilt it and wished it to be called Sebaste in honor of Augustus. Attalus at his death left the Roman people his heir. Ptolemy Physcon, also called Soter, 27 years [or 17]. In the eighth year of this reign Cicero is born at Arpinum; his mother was Helvia, his father of the equestrian order, of the royal race of the Volsci. Three years later Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is born. In the seventeenth year of this reign the consul Gaius Marius defeats the Cimbri near the Rhone, killing 200,000 of them and capturing 80,000, and he triumphs over them with Catulus.

Jugurtha, fighting against the Romans, is captured. In Sicily the slave war breaks out again. The Thracians are defeated by the Romans. Aristobulus son of Jonathas (John), king and high priest together, was the first among the Jews to take the emblem of the diadem. After him reigned Jannaeus, surnamed Alexander, who also held the high priesthood and ruled his fellow citizens most cruelly. Ptolemy, also called Alexander, eight years. Philip reigned in Syria; the Roman general Gabinius captured him, after Antiochus before him, fleeing to the Parthians, had then given himself up to Pompey. So Syria passed into Roman power. Lucius Pomponius of Bononia, writer of Atellan farces, was famous. The poet Titus Lucretius lived at this time; driven mad by a love potion, he killed himself with his own hand. Plotius Gallus was the first to teach Latin rhetoric at Rome. Ptolemy son of Cleopatra, eight years. Sallust, the writer of Histories, is born at Amiternum in the Sabine country. A census was taken at Rome, and 463,000 men were found. Publius Terentius Varro is born at the village of Atax in the province of Narbonne; in his thirty-fifth year he learned Greek letters. Ptolemy Dionysius, 30 years. From the sixth year of this reign Alexandra, also called Selina, wife of Alexander, reigned at Jerusalem for nine years; from her time confusion and various disasters oppressed the Jews. Soon Jerusalem was taken by Gnaeus Pompey, and the temple opened as far as the Holy of Holies; the Jews were made tributaries of the Romans, Hyrcanus being appointed their high priest, and Antipater, son of Herod of Ascalon, made procurator of Palestine. Marcus Porcius Cato is recognized as a Stoic philosopher. What Sallust writes about Catiline took place at this time. In the tenth year of Ptolemy's reign, Virgil Maro is born in the village called Andes near Mantua, when Pompey and Crassus were consuls. Seven years later the satiric and lyric poet Horatius Flaccus is born at Venusia of a freedman father. The consul Crassus is captured with his son at Carrhae. Pompey, hailed as imperator, takes Lusitania and certain islands in the Ocean. Cleopatra, 22 years, of which only two are to be counted, because the continuous rule of the Romans now begins; their times are to be numbered from here on from Gaius Julius Caesar, who first among the Romans held sole rule, and from whom the Roman emperors were called Caesars. Caesar, crossing the Rhine, lays waste the Germans and subdues the Gauls. The beginning of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. From this point the continuous reigns of the Romans are recorded, and the first of all to reign among them is Gaius Julius Caesar.

GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR, first, four years and six months. Pompey, defeated and in flight, is killed by the eunuchs of the Alexandrian king. A decree of the senate and of the Athenians is sent to the Jews, who had asked for friendship through envoys. Cleopatra entered the City with a royal retinue. Antony decrees that the month Quintilis should be called July, because Julius had been born in it. Cassius, having taken Judaea, plunders the temple. On the Ides of March Gaius Julius Caesar is killed in the senate house.

CAESAR AUGUSTUS, also called Octavian, 56 years; from him the rulers of the Romans were called Augusti. Ovidius Naso is born in the Pelignian country. Cicero is killed at his villa at Formiae by Herennius and Popilius. Antony makes war against Augustus. From a hostel across the Tiber oil burst out of the ground and flowed a whole day without stopping, signifying the grace of Christ from among the Gentiles. Antiochus, defeated by Augustus, returns to his friendship through the senate's intervention. Herod, son of Antipater of Ascalon and of Cypris, an Arabian mother, receives the rule of the Jews from the Romans. In his time, with the birth of Christ drawing near, the kingdom and priesthood of Judaea, which had previously been held by succession from their elders, was destroyed, fulfilling the prophecy which speaks thus through Moses: "A prince shall not fail from Juda, nor a king from his thighs, until the seed comes for whom it is laid up, and he shall be the expectation of the nations." At this point too the anointed one of whom Daniel writes came to an end. For up to Herod the anointed ones, that is, the priests, were kings of the Jews; they began to rule from the sixty-fifth Olympiad, and from the restoration of the temple under Darius to Hyrcanus and the 186th Olympiad 484 years passed, which Daniel also indicated when he said: "And you shall know and understand, from the going out of the word to answer and to build Jerusalem until the rule of the anointed one, seven weeks and sixty-two weeks." These sixty-nine weeks, in which anointed ones, that is, priests consecrated by anointing, reigned, make 483 years, up to Hyrcanus.

When the last of all of them was captured by the Parthians, Herod son of Antipater received from Augustus and the senate Judaea, to which he had no claim at all, and his sons reigned after him until the final captivity of Jerusalem; the high priests were no longer appointed by succession of the priestly stock, nor did they serve God for life according to the law of Moses. Rather, certain men of no standing, some at one time and others at another, some for a single year or a little more, bought the priesthood from the Roman emperors. All of this the prophet Daniel also foretold, saying: "And after seven and sixty-two weeks the anointing will perish, and there will be no judgment in it; and the people, with the leader who is coming, will ruin the temple and the sanctuary; and they will be cut down in the flood of war." And in what follows: "On the temple," he says, "the abomination of desolations; and until the consummation of time, consummation will be given upon the desolation." Sallust died four years before the war of Actium. Vinius Maximus, quaestor-designate, was recognized by his master and led away. The course of the moon according to the Romans is worked out. Cleopatra and Antony kill themselves, and Egypt becomes a Roman province. Caesar is called Augustus, and from him the month Sextilis received the name August. Augustus refused when monarchy was offered him. Augustus makes Cantabria and Gallaecia tributary. Tiberius, sent by Augustus, occupied Armenia. The Cantabrians, plotting rebellion, are crushed. Augustus adopts Gaius Agrippa as his son. Tiberius makes the Vindelici and the neighbors of the Raetians Roman provinces. In the seventeenth year of Augustus's rule a census was taken at Rome, and 4,174,000 Roman citizens were found. In the twenty-fourth year of Augustus's rule Tiberius triumphed over the conquered Pannonians. In the twenty-fifth year of the same rule Virgil dies at Brundisium, and is buried at Naples, at the second milestone from the city. Herod raised Samaria, which had long lain in ashes, from its foundations, and named it Augusta, that is, Sebaste, in honor of Augustus; and at Paneas he built what is called the Panion. He also founded Caesarea, named for Caesar, which was formerly called Strato's Tower. He also kills Hyrcanus, who had once been priest of the Jews and had returned from captivity in Parthia, and his son, who had succeeded to his father's priesthood; and with the greatest cruelty he puts to death his sister, who was his own wife, together with his own two sons, already youths, and the mother of his murdered wife, his mother-in-law. He also killed the husband of his sister Salome; and when he had given her as wife to another, he killed him too. By a like crime he also killed scribes and interpreters of the divine law. Augustus condemns his daughter Julia, caught in adultery, to exile; he adopted Tiberius and Agrippa as sons. Judas the Galilean urges the Jews to rebel. In the forty-fourth year of Augustus's rule Quirinus, sent to Judaea by the counsel of the senate, registers the census of persons and property. In the same year JESUS CHRIST the Son of God is born in Bethlehem of Juda. All the years from the beginning of Abraham to the birth of Christ from Mary are gathered as 2,018, or 2,015. Herod, having learned of the birth of Christ through the report of the Magi, ordered all the little children in Bethlehem to be killed; but he himself, two years later, dies of dropsy, with worms swarming over his whole body, wretchedly but deservedly. In Herod's place Archelaus is appointed by Augustus (and his brothers Herod, Antipater, Lysias, and Philip become tetrarchs), for nine years. Tiberius Caesar brings the Dalmatians and Sarmatians under Roman power. The Athenians, plotting rebellion against the Romans, are crushed. Augustus, with his son Tiberius, holding a census at Rome in the fifty-third year of his rule, found 9,370,000 people. Messala Corvinus the orator, two years before he died, so lost his memory that he could scarcely put a few words together. Archelaus is banished to Vienne, a city of Gaul, in the ninth year of his reign. After him Herod was tetrarch for 24 years. Tiberius makes Drusus partner in his rule.

TIBERIUS, third, 23 years. In [the ...] year of his rule thirteen cities collapsed in an earthquake. In the fourteenth year of the same rule Pilate is sent as procurator of Judaea. Herod founded Tiberias and Livias. Tiberius summoned many kings to himself with flattering words and never sent them back, and turned their kingdoms into provinces. John son of Zacharias, preaching to the Jews in the desert by the river Jordan, testifies that Christ the Son of God is present in their midst. From this point the Lord JESUS CHRIST himself announces the way of salvation to the peoples, proving by signs and mighty works that what he said was true.

Drusus Caesar died by poison. Josephus testifies that about this time, on the day of Pentecost, the priests of the Jews first felt movements of the temple precincts and certain sounds, and then a voice broke out from the inner sanctuary of beings saying, "Let us move away from this dwelling." The same Josephus writes that in the same year Pilate the governor secretly, by night, set up images of Caesar in the temple.

So up to the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar there are reckoned, from the restoration of the temple, which took place in the second year of Darius king of the Persians, 548 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1,060 years; from Moses and the exodus of Israel from Egypt, 1,516 years [or ...538]; from the first year of the promise, 1,572 years; from the year in which Abraham was born, 2,047 years; from the flood to the first year of Abraham, 942 years, as Eusebius, a most learned man, reckoned. From Adam to the flood, 2,242 years. So all the years from Adam to the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar are 5,228 [figure garbled in the printed text]. But according to the scripture of Genesis and the reckoning of the historian Africanus, 129 more years are found.

Some think that our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, that is, when the two Gemini were consuls; in that year, according to the undoubted authority of Luke the Evangelist, it is clear that he was baptized and began to preach the Gospel of the kingdom of heaven. But from the Gospel of John we know that the Lord was present at the Jewish feast of Passover three times, so that it appears that the Passover which the true Lamb consecrated with his own blood was the third. Accordingly we begin the consuls from the Manifestation of the Lord, that is, from the consuls Rufinus Geminus and Rubellius Geminus; but we assign the Lord's Passion to the third consuls after them, following what authority has handed down and what reason requires.

HERE BEGINS THE RECORD OF THE CONSULS, WITH THE HISTORY.

RUFINUS GEMINUS AND RUBELLIUS GEMINUS, CONSULS. VINICIUS AND LONGINUS. SULPICIUS AND SULLA. James, who was held to be the brother of the Lord, was ordained the first bishop of the church of Jerusalem. PRISCUS AND VITELLIUS. GALLUS AND NONIANUS. GALLIENUS AND PLAUTIANUS. Pilate, spending the sacred treasure which the Jews call Corban on an aqueduct for Jerusalem, sowed the seeds of a second sedition. From this time countless calamities oppressed the Jewish nation. PROCULUS AND NIGRINUS. JULIANUS AND ASPRENAS. PUBLICOLA AND NERVA. When Pilate reported to Tiberius about the teaching of the Christians, Tiberius referred it to the senate, so that it might be received among the other cults. But when the Fathers decreed that the Christians should be expelled from the City, Tiberius by edict threatened their accusers with death. CAESAR AND JULIANUS. Tiberius dies in Campania.

GAIUS CAESAR CALIGULA, fourth, reigned three years and ten months. CAESAR II AND SATURNINUS. SATURNINUS II AND VENUSTUS. TIBERIUS AND GALLUS. At this time Pontius Pilate, having fallen into many calamities, killed himself with his own hand. Caligula, having enrolled himself among the gods, ordered Petronius, prefect of Syria, to set up his statue at Jerusalem under the name of Jupiter Optimus Maximus; and throughout the whole world of the Roman empire statues, images, and altars of Gaius Caesar were consecrated in the synagogues of the Jews. CRISPINUS AND TAURUS. Very many nobles killed by Gaius. Gaius is killed in the palace by his own guards.

CLAUDIUS, fifth, reigned 13 years, 8 months, 28 days. This is Claudius, the uncle of Drusus, who has a monument at Moguntiacum. VINICIUS AND CORNELIUS. ASIATICUS AND SILANUS. PETER the apostle, having first founded the church of Antioch, sets out for Rome, where he preaches the Gospel and remains bishop of that city for 25 years. TIBERIUS II AND VITELLIUS. Mark the evangelist, Peter's interpreter, proclaims Christ in Egypt and Alexandria. Beginning of the first cycle. VITELLIUS II AND PUBLICOLA. Evodius was ordained the first bishop of Antioch. VERINUS AND GALLUS. VETUS AND NERVILIANUS. A census was taken at Rome, and 6,864,000, or 6,844,000, citizens were found. The reckoning of the Easter cycle began from these consuls, running 84 years and then returning to the same rule. CLAUDIUS AND ORPHITUS. Under Cumanus, procurator of Judaea, during the days of Unleavened Bread, so great a sedition arose at Jerusalem that, as the people collapsed in the exits of the gates, 34,000 Jews perished. The prophecy of Agabus, who in the Acts of the Apostles had said that a famine would come over the whole world, is fulfilled under Claudius.

Thrace, ruled by kings until then, is reduced to a province. SILANUS AND SILIUS. TIBERIUS III AND ANTONINUS. SILANUS AND OTHO. The apostle Paul pleads in his own defense before Felix, procurator of Judaea. SILANUS II AND ANTONINUS. MARCELLINUS AND AVIOLA. Under Felix, procurator of Judaea, many arose who deceived the people by their persuasion. Among them was a certain Egyptian false prophet who, gathering very many followers, was crushed by Felix's army in the very attempt at great things, as is said to Paul in the Acts of the Apostles: "Are you not the Egyptian who before these days stirred up and led out into the desert four thousand men?" NERO AND VETUS. NERO II AND PISO. Claudius dies in the palace, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.

NERO, sixth, reigns 13 years, 7 months, and 28 or 30 days. Gaius Caligula was his uncle. NERO III AND MESSALA. NERO IV AND CORNELIUS. Festus succeeds Felix; before him, in the presence of King Agrippa, the apostle Paul is to give an account of his religion, and is sent in chains to Rome. Nero was so given to luxury that he bathed in cold and hot perfumes and fished with golden nets drawn in with purple ropes. PIUS AND TURPILIANUS. MARINUS AND GALLUS. CRASSUS AND BASSUS. SILVANUS AND PAULINUS. Nero killed his mother Agrippina and his father's sister. James the brother of the Lord, whom all called the Just, is stoned to death by the Jews; Simeon is taken as the second to his throne. Nero competes on the lyre and defeats everyone. CELSINUS AND APULEIUS. A thunderbolt fell in front of Nero's table. After Mark the evangelist, Anianus is ordained the first bishop of the church of Alexandria. CAPITO AND RUFUS. SILIUS ITALICUS AND TURPILIANUS. SILVANUS AND OTHO. VESPASIAN AND TITUS. VESPASIAN II AND TITUS II. VESPASIAN III AND NERVA. Nero is crowned in the Olympic games, defeating heralds, lyre-players, tragedians, and charioteers in various contests. Nero, to see a likeness of Troy burning, set fire to the greater part of the city of Rome. Musonius and Plutarch are held to be notable philosophers. FIRST PERSECUTION. Nero was the first who, on top of all his crimes, also raised a persecution against the Christians, in which the apostles Peter and Paul died gloriously at Rome. After Peter, LINUS was the first to hold the Roman church, for 12 or 13 years. Vespasian, master of the soldiers, is sent by Nero to subdue the Jews. VESPASIAN IV AND TITUS III. Vespasian defeats the Jews in two battles and drives them back to the walls. Ignatius is ordained second bishop of Antioch. Nero, when the senate was pressing for his punishment, fled from the palace and killed himself at the fourth milestone from the City.

VESPASIAN, seventh, reigned 9 years, 9 months, and 22 or 29 days. VESPASIAN V AND TITUS IV. After Nero, Galba in Spain, Vitellius in Germany, and Otho at Rome seized the empire. But Galba was beheaded at Rome in the seventh month; Otho died by his own hand at Bedriacum; Vitellius, killed by Vespasian's generals, is thrown into the Tiber. Vespasian is hailed as emperor by the army in Judaea; entrusting the war to his son Titus, he sets out for Rome by way of Alexandria. VESPASIAN VI AND TITUS V. Titus, having taken Judaea and overthrown Jerusalem, killed six hundred thousand men. Josephus writes that eleven hundred thousand perished by famine and sword, and another hundred thousand captives were publicly sold. The reason so great a multitude was found at Jerusalem was the feast of Unleavened Bread: because of it Jews streamed to the temple from every nation and were shut up in the city as in a prison. For it was fitting that they should be killed in the same days in which they had crucified the Savior. So the whole time up to the second year of Vespasian and the final overthrow of Jerusalem is gathered thus: from the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar and the beginning of the preaching of the Gospel, 42 years; from the captivity which they suffered under Antiochus, 229 years; from the second year of Darius, under whom the temple was built again, 580 or 590 years; from the first building of the temple under Solomon to its final ruin under Vespasian, 1,103 years. VESPASIAN VII AND TITUS VI. COMMODUS AND RUFUS. Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos, Cilicia, and Commagene, which were formerly free under kings and allies, were reduced to provinces. VESPASIAN VIII AND TITUS VII. VESPASIAN IX AND TITUS VIII. SILVANUS AND VERUS.

DOMITIAN AND MESSALINUS. DOMITIAN II AND RUFUS II. Vespasian dies at his own villa in the Sabine country, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.

TITUS, eighth, reigned three years and two months. Titus, son of Vespasian, was most eloquent in both languages, and of such goodness that when one day at dinner he remembered that he had done nothing for anyone that day, he said, "Friends, I have lost a day today." DOMITIAN III AND SABINUS. DOMITIAN IV AND RUFUS III. Titus built the amphitheater at Rome, and at its dedication killed five thousand wild beasts. DOMITIAN V AND DOLABELLA. CLETUS is appointed second bishop of the Roman church, for 12 years. Titus died of disease in the same villa as his father, in the forty-second year of his age.

DOMITIAN, ninth, Titus's younger brother, reigned 15 years and 5 months. DOMITIAN VI AND RUFUS IV. Domitian's wife was given the title Augusta. Domitian forbids the making of eunuchs; he drives astrologers and philosophers out of the city of Rome. FLAVIUS AND TRAJAN. Domitian sends very many senators into exile; he triumphed over the Dacians and Germans. DOMITIAN VII AND NERVA. Two months were renamed: September as Germanicus, and October as Domitianus. Domitian was the first to order that he be called Lord and God. Abilius is ordained second bishop of Alexandria. TRAJAN II AND GLABRIO. Quintilian, the rhetorician of Calagurris, is famous at Rome. DOMITIAN VIII AND SATURNINUS. SILVANUS AND PRISCUS. Domitian forbade vines to be planted in cities. ASPRENAS AND CLEMENS. Apollonius of Tyana and Euphrates are held to be notable philosophers. Many works were built at Rome, among them the Capitol, the Forum Transitorium, the Portico of the Deified, the temple of Isis, the temple of Serapis, the Stadium, the Pepper Warehouses, the temple of Vespasian, the Minerva Chalcidica, the Odeum, the Forum of Trajan, the Baths of Trajan and of Titus, the Senate house, the Morning School, the Mica Aurea, the Meta Sudans, and the Pantheon. Domitian was so proud that he ordered gold and silver statues of himself to be set up on the Capitol. DOMITIAN IX AND CLEMENS. Many nobles were put to death, and more driven into exile. FULVUS AND VETUS. NERVA II AND RUFUS. SABINUS AND ANTONINUS. NERVA III AND TRAJAN III. CLEMENT presided over the church of Rome as its third bishop, for 9 years. SENECIO AND PALMA. TRAJAN IV AND FRONTO. SECOND PERSECUTION. Domitian, the second after Nero, persecutes the Christians; and under him the apostle John, banished to the island of Patmos, saw the Apocalypse, which Irenaeus interprets. Domitian ordered those who were of the family of David to be killed, so that none of the royal line of the Jews would remain. TRAJAN V AND ORPHITUS. Bruttius writes that very many Christians underwent martyrdom under Domitian, among them Flavia Domitilla, niece through his sister of the consul Flavius Clemens, banished to the island of Pontia because she had testified that she was a Christian. SENECIO II AND SURA. Domitian is killed in the palace in the thirty-fifth year of his age [figure as printed].

NERVA, tenth, reigned one year and four months. TRAJAN VI AND MAXIMUS. Justus of Tiberias is recognized as a writer of the Jews. Cerdo is ordained third bishop of the church of Alexandria. They say that the apostle John at this time was released from exile and withdrew to Ephesus, since the senate had decreed that everything Domitian had ordered should be annulled. Nerva died of disease in the Gardens of Sallust in the seventy-third year of his age [or 82], having already adopted Trajan as his son.

TRAJAN, eleventh, reigned 18 years and 7 months. Trajan was made emperor at Agrippina in Gaul; he was born at Italica in Spain. SENECIO III AND SURA II. Four cities of Asia and two of Greece were overthrown by an earthquake. Trajan triumphed over the Dacians and Scythians. URBANUS AND MARCELLUS. CANDIDUS AND QUADRATUS. COMMODUS AND CEREALIS. By decree of the senate Nerva was enrolled among the gods. EVARISTUS presides over the Roman church as its fourth bishop, for 9 years. Bishop Irenaeus writes that the apostle John lived on until the times of Trajan. After him came Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, Polycarp of Smyrna, and Ignatius of Antioch. SENECIO IV AND SURA III. GALLUS AND BRADUA. AFRICANUS AND CRISPINUS. CRISPINUS II AND BOLANUS. PISO AND RUSTICUS. One named Primus is ordained fourth bishop of the church of Alexandria. TRAJAN VII AND AFRICANUS. THIRD PERSECUTION. When Trajan stirred up a persecution against the Christians, Simon son of Cleophas, who held the episcopate at Jerusalem, is crucified; Justus succeeds him. Ignatius, too, bishop of the church of Antioch, is brought to Rome and handed over to the beasts. After him Eron is appointed the third bishop. CELSUS AND CRISPINUS.

ASTA AND PISO. Pliny the Younger, when he was governing a certain province and had put to death very many Christians during his term of office, was alarmed at their number and asked Trajan what should be done, reporting to him that, apart from their obstinate refusal to sacrifice and their gatherings before dawn to sing to a certain Christ as to a god, nothing was found among them; moreover, to strengthen their discipline, murders, thefts, adulteries, robberies, and the like were forbidden among them. Moved by this, Trajan wrote back that this kind of people was indeed not to be sought out, but if brought to court they ought to be punished. MESSALA AND PEDO. ALEXANDER presides as fifth bishop of the Roman church, for 10 years. AEMILIANUS AND VETUS. NIGRINUS AND APRONIANUS. Pliny the Younger of Novum Comum, a notable orator, died while visiting near Vesuvius; and three cities of Galatia were destroyed by an earthquake. After Justus, Zacchaeus takes up the episcopate of the church of Jerusalem as fourth; after him Tobias, fifth; Benjamin succeeds him as sixth, then John seventh, Matthias eighth, in whose place Philip is appointed ninth. CLARUS AND ALEXANDER. HADRIAN AND SALINATOR. HADRIAN II AND RUSTICUS. SERVILIANUS AND FULVIUS. At this time the Jews in Libya and in Egypt, and those at Cyrene and in the Thebaid, raise great seditions against their neighbors. When the Jews of Alexandria rebelled, the emperor Trajan ordered Lusius Quietus to clear them out of the province; Quietus drew up his army against them and killed countless thousands of them, and for this he is appointed by the emperor procurator of Judaea. The Jews destroyed Salamis, a city of Cyprus. Trajan dies at Selinus, or, as others say, at Seleucia, a city of Isauria, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. His bones were placed in a golden urn and set in the Forum beneath the column, and he alone of all was buried within the City.

HADRIAN, twelfth, reigned 21 years. He was born at Italica in Spain, the son of Trajan's cousin. VERUS AND AUGURINUS. AVIOLA AND PANSA. The senate enrolls Trajan among the gods, and Hadrian remits to the cities their arrears of taxes, publicly burning the records, and frees very many from the taxes themselves. Hadrian subdues the Jews, rebelling against the Romans for the second time. PATERNUS AND TORQUATUS. GLABRIO AND APRONIANUS. War waged against the Sarmatians. XYSTUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as sixth, for 10 years. Justus is ordained fifth bishop of Alexandria. ASIATICUS AND QUINTILLUS. The river Cephissus flooded Eleusis; Hadrian bridged it and spent the winter at Athens. VERUS AND AMBIGUUS. GALLICANUS AND TITIANUS. At Jerusalem, after Philip, Seneca is appointed tenth bishop; after him Justus eleventh; Levi succeeds him as twelfth; after him Ephres thirteenth; Joseph fourteenth; Judas fifteenth. All these, up to the overthrow which Jerusalem suffered under Hadrian, had presided as bishops from the circumcision. Nicomedia fell in an earthquake, and most of the city of Nicaea; Hadrian granted the expenses for their restoration from public funds. TORQUATUS AND LIBO. CELSUS AND MARCELLINUS. CATULLINUS AND APER. PONTIANUS AND RUFINUS. End of the first cycle, and beginning of the next. Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles, and Aristides, our philosopher, published books composed in defense of the Christian religion. Serenus Granius, a man of the highest nobility, sent a letter to the emperor, saying that it was unjust for the blood of innocent men to be granted to the clamor of the mob, and for them to be made defendants for their name and sect alone, without any crime. Moved by this, Hadrian writes to Minucius Fundanus, proconsul of Asia, that Christians are not to be condemned without a charge of crime. A copy of this letter survives to our own day. AUGURINUS AND SERGIANUS. TIBERIUS AND SILANUS. Telesphorus is ordained seventh bishop at Rome, for 11 years. Cornelius is placed over the church of Antioch as fourth. SERGIANUS II AND VERUS. POMPEIANUS AND ATILIANUS. Eumenes presides as sixth over the church of Alexandria. POMPEIANUS II AND COMMODUS. LAELIUS AND ALBINUS. The Jews took up arms and laid waste Palestine while Tinnius Rufus held the province; Hadrian sent him an army to crush the rebels. CAMERINUS AND NIGER. Basilides the heresiarch lives at Alexandria; from him come the Gnostics. Basilides differed from the dogma of Simon in that he believed there are 365 heavens, the number of days that make up the year. So he also commended, as a holy name, ABRAXAS, because the letters of this name, by Greek reckoning, add up to the same number. The Gnostics were named from their presumption of a higher knowledge; some call them Borborites, that is, "the filthy," because of the extreme foulness they are said to practice in their mysteries.

They hand down most fabulous dogmas full of fictions. They say the substance of souls is the nature of God; they are also said to hold in their teaching a good God and an evil God. Barcochebas, leader of the Jews, puts to death with every kind of torture the Christians who would not give him help against the Roman soldiery. The Jewish war waged in Palestine put an end to the affairs of the Jews, who were utterly crushed. From that time even permission to enter Jerusalem was taken from them: first by God's will, as the prophets foretold, then by the prohibitions of the Romans. ANTONINUS AND PRAESENS. At Jerusalem Mark is appointed the first bishop from the Gentiles, those who had been from the Jews coming to an end. ANTONINUS II AND PRAESENS II. SEVERUS AND SILVANUS. Aelia was founded by Aelius Hadrian, and on the front of its gate by which we go out to Bethlehem a pig was carved in marble, signifying that the Jews were subject to Roman power. Hadrian dies at Baiae, over sixty years old.

ANTONINUS TITUS, surnamed Pius, thirteenth, reigned with his sons Aurelius and Lucius 22 years and 3 months. RUFINUS AND TORQUATUS. HYGINUS is ordained eighth bishop at Rome, for 4 years. TORQUATUS II AND HERODES. AVIOLA AND MAXIMUS. Antoninus is called father of his country. Valentinus the heresiarch, and Cerdo, the teacher of Marcion, came to Rome. Valentinus invented many fables about the nature of things, asserting that thirty aeons, that is, ages, existed, whose beginning is Depth and Silence; Depth he also calls the Father. Cerdo's followers teach two principles opposed to each other, and that the lord of the law and the prophets is not the Father of Christ, nor a good God, but a just one, while the Father of Christ is good. [Valentinus] says that from these two, as from a marriage, came forth Mind and Truth, and they brought forth eight aeons; from Mind and Will came forth the Word, and it brought forth ten aeons; further, from the Word and Life came forth Man, and the Church brought forth twelve aeons. So eight, ten, and twelve make thirty aeons, having their beginning from Depth and Silence. Christ, he says, was sent by the Father, that is, by Depth, and brought with him a spiritual or heavenly body; he took nothing from the Virgin Mary, but passed through her as through a stream or a pipe, without taking any flesh from her. He also denies the resurrection of the flesh, affirming that through Christ only the spirit or soul receives salvation; and that Christ himself was not born of a woman, did not have flesh, and did not truly die or suffer anything, but feigned his passion. Some report that with their two principles they speak of two gods, one of whom is good and the other evil. They deny the resurrection of the dead, spurning the New Testament. Marcion too, from whom the Marcionites are named, followed the dogma of Cerdo, adding that there are not two principles only but three: one good, another just, the third wicked. Though some think that the author of the third principle was a certain Sirenus rather than Marcion. ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. PIUS is ordained ninth bishop at Rome, for 15 years. At this time Justin the philosopher presented to the emperor Antoninus a book written in defense of our religion. Heros is appointed fifth bishop at Antioch. ANTONINUS IV AND AURELIUS II. LARGUS AND MESSALINUS. TORQUATUS III AND JULIANUS. Mark takes up the episcopate at Alexandria as seventh. ORPHITUS AND PRISCUS. GLABRIO AND VETUS. GORDIANUS AND MAXIMUS. GLABRIO II AND ROMULUS. PRAESENS AND RUFINUS. COMMODUS AND LATERANUS. VERUS AND SABINUS. SILVANUS AND AUGURINUS. BARBARUS AND REGULUS. Celadion presided over the church of Alexandria as eighth. TERTULLUS AND SACERDOS. Crescens the Cynic stirred up a persecution against Justin, a philosopher of our teaching, who had convicted him of being a betrayer of philosophy because of his excessive gluttony; in it Justin gloriously shed his blood for Christ. QUINTILLUS AND PRISCUS. VERUS II AND BRADUA. ANICETUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as tenth, for 10 years; under him Polycarp came to Rome and corrected many from heretical error. ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF ANTONINUS III AND AURELIUS III. At Jerusalem, after Mark, Cassianus took up the episcopate as seventeenth, Publius eighteenth, Maximus nineteenth, then Julianus twentieth, then Gaianus twenty-first, Symmachus twenty-second, then Gaius twenty-third, Julianus twenty-fourth, and after him Capito twenty-fifth. Antoninus Pius dies at his villa at Lorium, at the twelfth milestone from the City, in the seventy-second year of his life [or 77].

ANTONINUS II, also called VERUS, and LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS, fourteenth, reigned 19 years and one month. THE TWO AUGUSTI. These were the first to administer the empire together with equal right, whereas up to this time there had been single Augusti. RUSTICUS AND AQUILINUS. LAELIANUS AND PASTOR. MACRINUS AND CELSUS. ORPHITUS AND PUDENS. PUDENS II AND POLLIO. Agrippinus presided at Alexandria as ninth. FOURTH PERSECUTION. A persecution arose in Asia, in which Polycarp and Pionius underwent martyrdom; accounts of their passions are said to have been written. In Gaul too very many were killed for the name of God; their contests, set down in books, survive to the present day. VERUS IV AND QUADRATUS. APRONIANUS AND PAULUS. SOTER takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as eleventh, for 8 years. APRONIANUS AND PAULUS. Theophilus is ordained sixth bishop at Antioch; very many works of his talent survive. PRISCUS AND APOLLINARIS. CETHEGUS AND CLARUS. The emperor Lucius, in the ninth year of his reign, or, as some think, the tenth, died of apoplexy between Concordia and Altinum. Melito, a bishop of Asia, presented an apology for the Christians to the emperor Antoninus. Apollinaris of Asia, bishop of Hierapolis, is held notable. At the same time Dionysius, bishop of the Corinthians, was famous, and Pinytus of Crete, a most eloquent man. In this season the false prophecy called that of the Cataphrygians began, with Montanus as its author and Prisca and Maximilla as its mad prophetesses. The province of Phrygia gave the error its name, because its inventors first appeared there and lived there, and even now they have peoples in those parts. They assert that the coming of the Holy Spirit promised by the Lord took place in them rather than in the apostles. They hold second marriages to be sexual immorality; and they say that the apostle Paul permitted them because he knew in part and prophesied in part, for that which is perfect had not yet come. This perfect thing, they rave, came in Montanus and his prophetesses. They are said to have deadly sacrifices. For they are said to make what serves as their Eucharist from the blood of a year-old infant, which they draw from his whole body by tiny puncture wounds, mixing it with flour and making bread from it. If the boy dies, he is held to be a martyr; if he lives, a high priest. SEVERUS AND HERENNIANUS. Tatian the heretic, from whom the Encratites are named; their dogma is to admit to their communion only the continent, and those who have so renounced the world as to own no property. Bardesanes too, the author of another error, became known at the same time; he fell in part into the heresy of Valentinus. ORPHITUS AND MAXIMUS. SEVERUS AND POMPEIANUS. In the country of the Quadi, when the army of the emperor Antoninus was overcome by thirst, rain was sent from heaven, while on the other hand thunderbolts pursued the Germans and Sarmatians and killed very many of them. There survives a letter of Marcus Aurelius, a most serious emperor, in which he testifies that that German thirst was relieved by rain granted at the prayer of Christian soldiers. GALLUS AND FLACCUS. PISO AND JULIANUS. POLLIO AND APER. COMMODUS AND QUINTILLUS. Antoninus makes his son Commodus partner in his rule. ORPHITUS AND RUFUS. Antoninus with his son triumphed over the enemies whom he had laid waste over three years from his permanent camp at Carnuntum. COMMODUS II AND VERUS II. Julianus is ordained tenth bishop at Alexandria. Antoninus died of disease in Pannonia.

COMMODUS, fifteenth, reigned 13 years. PRAESENS AND BURRUS. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, is held notable. Commodus named the month of September after himself. MAMERTINUS AND RUFUS. The Baths of Commodus were built at Rome. COMMODUS IV AND VICTORINUS. At Jerusalem Maximus is ordained twenty-sixth bishop; after him Antoninus twenty-seventh, Valens twenty-eighth, Dachianus twenty-ninth, Narcissus thirtieth, Dius thirty-first, Germanio thirty-second, Gordius thirty-third, and another Narcissus thirty-fourth. MARULLUS AND AELIANUS. MATERNUS AND BRADUA. COMMODUS V AND GLABRIO. CRISPINUS AND AELIANUS. FULCIANUS AND SILANUS. Demetrianus is appointed eleventh bishop at Alexandria, for 43 years. Commodus had the head removed from the Colossus and the head of his own image put in its place. Serapion is ordained eighth bishop of Antioch. THE TWO SILANI. COMMODUS VI AND SEPTIMIANUS. APRONIANUS AND BRADUA. Commodus kills many nobles. COMMODUS VII AND PERTINAX. Commodus is strangled in the house of Vestilianus.

HELVIUS PERTINAX, sixteenth, reigned six months. When he was over seventy and serving as prefect of the City, he was ordered by decree of the senate to rule. VICTOR took up the episcopate at Rome as thirteenth, for 12 years; works of his on religion, of no small merit, survive.

When the senate begged Pertinax to make his wife Augusta and his son Caesar, he refused, declaring that it was enough that he himself reigned against his will. Pertinax is killed in the palace through the crime of Julianus the jurist, whom Severus later killed at the Milvian Bridge.

SEVERUS, seventeenth, reigned 18 years. Born at the town of Leptis in the province of Tripolitana, he has been the only Roman emperor from Africa to the present day, and in honor of Pertinax he ordered himself to be surnamed Pertinax. FALCO AND CLARUS. SEVERUS AND ALBINUS. TERTULLUS AND CLEMENS. DEXTER AND PRISCUS. Clement, presbyter of the church of Alexandria, and Pantaenus, a Stoic philosopher, are held most eloquent in discussing our teaching. LATERANUS AND RUFINUS. Narcissus bishop of Jerusalem, and Theophilus of Caesarea, Polycrates too, and Bacchyllus, bishop in the province of Asia, made these times illustrious. SATURNINUS AND GALLUS. ANULLINUS AND FRONTO. SEVERUS II AND VICTORINUS. FABIANUS AND MUCIANUS. SEVERUS III AND ANTONINUS. At this time there was a Jewish and a Sarmatian war; and Severus was called Parthicus, Arabicus, and Adiabenicus from the names of the peoples he conquered. A question arose in Asia among the bishops whether Easter should be kept, according to the law of Moses, on the fourteenth day of the first month; Victor bishop of the city of Rome, Narcissus of Jerusalem, Polycrates too, and Irenaeus, and Bacchyllus, and very many pastors of the churches, published in letters what seemed right to them, and the memory of these survives to our day. GETA AND PLAUTIANUS. CHILO AND LIBO. ZEPHYRINUS was the fourteenth bishop at Rome, for 14 years. FIFTH PERSECUTION. When persecution was raised against the Christians, Leonides, the father of Origen, passed over by the glorious death of martyrdom. Alexander too became famous for confessing the name of the Lord. In this season Perpetua and Felicity suffered for Christ on the Nones of March, at Carthage in Africa, condemned to the beasts in the camp. ANTONINUS II AND GETA. ALBINUS AND AELIANUS. APER AND MAXIMUS. Clement writes many works. ANTONINUS III AND GETA III. After Clodius Albinus, who had made himself Caesar in Gaul, was killed at Lyons, Severus crossed over to the Britons; to make the recovered provinces safer from barbarian raids he drew a ditch and rampart for 132 miles from sea to sea, and not long afterward he dies in Britain at York. POMPEIANUS AND AVITUS. FAUSTINUS AND RUFINUS.

ANTONINUS surnamed CARACALLA, son of Severus, eighteenth, reigned six years. GENTIANUS AND BASSUS. THE TWO ASPRI. Asclepiades is appointed ninth bishop at Antioch; and at Jerusalem Alexander thirty-fifth, while Narcissus was still living, and he governs the church jointly with him. ANTONINUS IV AND BALBINUS. MESSALA AND SABINUS. End of the second cycle and beginning of the third. LAETUS AND CEREALIS. SABINUS II AND VENUSTUS. Antoninus is killed between Edessa and Carrhae, in the forty-third year of his age.

MACRINUS, nineteenth, reigns one year. PRAESENS AND EXTRICATUS. Philetus is ordained tenth bishop at Antioch.

MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, twentieth, reigned three years. ANTONINUS AND ADVENTUS. CALLISTUS took up the episcopate at Rome as fifteenth, for six years. Macrinus is killed at Archelais. Antoninus built the baths of his name at Rome. ANTONINUS II AND SACERDOS. ANTONINUS III AND COMAZON. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. Antoninus is killed at Rome in a military riot.

ALEXANDER, son of Mammaea, twenty-first, reigned 13 years, having taken his name from the emperor Alexander. Alexander gloriously defeats Xerxes king of the Persians. MAXIMUS AND AELIANUS. JULIANUS AND CRISPINUS. URBANUS is made sixteenth bishop at Rome, for 9 years. Sabellius is said to have lived in these times. His error is to assert that in the divine Trinity the one he names the Father is the same as the Son and the same as the Holy Spirit. So the deceivers of this impiety are rightly also called Patripassians, for, holding this view, they are shown to assert that the passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, which he endured for the salvation of the human race, was the Father's. Ulpian the jurist is held notable. FUSCUS AND DEXTER. The Baths of Alexander were built at Rome. ALEXANDER II AND MARCELLUS. ANIANUS AND MAXIMUS. ALBINUS AND MAXIMUS. Geminus, presbyter of Antioch, and Hippolytus, and Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, are held to be famous writers. Zebennus becomes eleventh bishop of Antioch. MODESTUS AND PROBUS. Heraclas presides over the church of Alexandria as twelfth bishop. At this time Origen appeared famous at Alexandria. With great power of eloquence he tried to establish certain perverse things, writing books entitled Peri Archon, in which, besides many things contrary to sacred doctrine, he also asserts concerning the change of every rational creature that not only the souls of the impious but even the devil himself is to be recalled by long purification to the dignity of his origin, with revolutions ever succeeding one another, from good to evil and from evil to good;

since this alternation cannot fail to be perpetual, so that in turn the wretched become blessed and the blessed wretched. ALEXANDER III AND DIO. GRATUS AND SELEUCUS. POMPEIANUS AND FELICIANUS. LUPUS AND MAXIMUS. PONTIANUS took up the episcopate at Rome as seventeenth, for five years. Alexander is killed at Mogontiacum in a military riot. MAXIMUS AND PATERNUS.

MAXIMINUS, twenty-second, reigns three years. MAXIMUS II AND URBANUS. SEVERUS AND QUINTIANUS. MAXIMINUS AND AFRICANUS. SIXTH PERSECUTION. Maximinus raises a persecution against the clergy of the churches. Maximinus is killed at Aquileia by Pupienus.

GORDIAN, twenty-third, reigned six years. PERPETUUS AND CORNELIANUS. ANTERUS becomes eighteenth bishop at Rome; one month after him FABIAN is appointed nineteenth, for 13 years. PIUS AND PROCULUS. GORDIAN AND AVIOLA. SABINUS AND VENUSTUS. GORDIAN II AND POMPEIANUS. ATTICUS AND PRAETEXTATUS. Gordian, returning home victorious after defeating the nation of the Parthians, was killed not far from Roman soil through the treachery of Philip, the praetorian prefect.

PHILIP, twenty-fourth, reigned seven years. ARRIANUS AND PAPPUS. Philip makes his son Philip partner in his rule; he was the first of all the Roman emperors to be a Christian. PEREGRINUS AND AEMILIANUS. PRAESENS AND ALBINUS. PHILIP II AND PHILIP. In the reign of the Philips the thousandth year of the city of Rome is completed. Philip founded a city of his own name in Achaia. PHILIP III AND PHILIP II. AEMILIANUS AND AQUILINUS. Dionysius is ordained thirteenth bishop of Alexandria. The elder Philip is killed at Verona, the younger at Rome.

DECIUS, twenty-fifth, reigns one year and three months. DECIUS AND GRATUS. DECIUS II AND RUSTICUS. SEVENTH PERSECUTION. Decius, having killed the Philips, father and son, raises a persecution against the Christians out of hatred for them. Antony the monk is born. Alexander bishop of Jerusalem having been put to death in martyrdom at Caesarea in Palestine, and Babylas having been killed with the same glory at Antioch, Mazabanes and Fabius are appointed bishops. Decius is killed with his son at Abrittus, a city of Moesia.

GALLUS AND VOLUSIANUS, son of Gallus, twenty-sixth, reigned two years and four months. After the glorious death of Fabian, CORNELIUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as twentieth, for two years; after two years he is crowned with the same martyrdom. GALLUS AND VOLUSIANUS. VOLUSIANUS AND MAXIMUS. Novatus, a presbyter of Cyprian's, coming to Rome, joins Novatian and the other confessors to himself, because Cornelius had received back penitent apostates. From him the heresy of the Novatians took its beginning; because of the purity they most proudly claim for themselves they wish to be called Cathari; they do not admit second marriages and deny reconciliation to penitents. Demetrianus is appointed fourteenth bishop of Antioch. LUCIUS holds the episcopate of the Roman church as twenty-first, for eight months; after him STEPHEN twenty-second, for three years. Letters of Cyprian to both survive. Gallus and Volusianus, setting out from Rome against Aemilianus, who was plotting revolution in Moesia, were killed at Interamna. Aemilianus perished in the third month of the tyranny he had seized.

VALERIAN and GALLIENUS, twenty-seventh, reigned 15 years. VALERIAN AND GALLIENUS. Cyprian, first a rhetorician, then a presbyter, and finally bishop of Carthage, is crowned with martyrdom. MAXIMUS AND GLABRIO. XYSTUS is appointed twenty-third bishop at Rome, for seven years. EIGHTH PERSECUTION. Valerian raises a persecution against the Christians. VALERIAN III AND GALLIENUS II. Valerian is captured by Sapor king of the Persians, and grows old there in wretched slavery. TUSCUS AND BASSUS. When Valerian had been led away to Persia, Gallienus gave peace back to our people. Paul of Samosata is ordained fifteenth bishop of Antioch. AEMILIANUS AND BASSUS. SAECULARIS AND DONATUS. GALLIENUS IV AND GENTIANUS. As Gallienus gave himself up to every kind of license, the Germans came as far as Ravenna. The Alamanni laid waste the Gauls and crossed into Italy. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and Asia were ravaged by the Goths. The Quadi and Sarmatians occupied the Pannonias. While the Germans held the Spains, Tarraco was stormed. The Parthians, holding Mesopotamia, overran Syria. GALLIENUS V AND VICTORINUS. ALBINUS AND MAXIMUS. Maximus is ordained fourteenth bishop at Alexandria. DIONYSIUS is placed over Rome as twenty-fourth bishop, for 11 years. GALLIENUS VI AND SATURNINUS. VALERIAN AND LUCILLUS. Hymenaeus holds the episcopate of Jerusalem as thirty-sixth. GALLIENUS VII AND SABINILLUS. Paul of Samosata departs from the preaching of all, reviving the heresy of Artemon, which asserts that Christ did not always exist, but preaches that his beginning was from the time he was born of Mary, and thinks him nothing more than a man. Photinus too was a defender of this error, and with more vehement zeal brought it about that the followers of this impiety were called Photinians rather than Paulianists.

The council of Nicaea decreed that these are to be baptized in the catholic church; from which it is to be believed that they do not have the rule of baptism. Domnus is ordained sixteenth bishop of Antioch in Paul's place. PATERNUS AND ARCHESILAUS. PATERNUS II AND MARIUS.

CLAUDIUS, twenty-eighth, reigns one year and nine months. CLAUDIUS AND PATERNUS. Claudius defeats the Goths, who were ravaging Illyricum and Macedonia; for this a golden shield was set up for him in the senate house and a golden statue on the Capitol. ANTIOCHIANUS AND ORPHITUS. Claudius dies at Sirmium. His brother Quintillus, hailed Augustus by the senate, is killed at Aquileia on the seventeenth day of his rule.

AURELIAN, twenty-ninth, reigns five years and six months. VALERIAN AND BASSUS. Timaeus is ordained seventeenth bishop of Antioch. Aurelian recovered the Gauls when Tetricus betrayed his own army near the Catalauni. QUIETUS AND VOLDUMIANUS. Zenobia, who after the murder of her husband Odaenathus held the empire of the East, is defeated at Immae not far from Antioch. In that battle the general Pompeianus, surnamed Francus, fought most vigorously against her. TACITUS AND PLACIDIANUS. Eusebius, bishop of Laodicea, is held notable. Tetricus and Zenobia walked before Aurelian in his triumph at Rome. Of these, Tetricus was afterward corrector of Lucania, and Zenobia grew old at Rome in the highest honor; from her a family at Rome is called Zenobia even today. AURELIAN AND CAPITOLINUS. FELIX took up the episcopate at Rome as twenty-fifth, for five years. AURELIAN II AND MARCELLUS. When Aurelian had raised a persecution against us, a thunderbolt fell near him and his companions; and not long after he is killed at Caenophrurium on the old road between Constantinople and Heraclea.

TACITUS, thirtieth, reigns six months; when he was killed in Pontus, FLORIANUS, thirty-first, took the empire and reigned 88 days. When Florianus was killed at Tarsus, PROBUS, thirty-second, reigns six years and eight months, or four. PROBUS AND PAULINUS. Anatolius, bishop of Laodicea, learned in the disciplines of the philosophers, is celebrated in much report. The mad heresy of the Manichees arose, with a certain Persian called Manes as its author. To set out their impieties, sacrileges, and foulnesses in this work would take too long. It is enough to know that they assert two principles, opposed to each other and coeternal, and two natures, namely of good and of evil. They think nothing true about Christ: they say that his birth from Mary according to the flesh, and his passion and resurrection, were pretenses, and did not take place as they are preached. They reject the Old Testament and the Prophets, and think that the author of those Scriptures is not the good God but the prince of the evil nature. Of the New Testament they accept what they think agrees with the apocrypha. They deny the resurrection of the flesh, condemn marriage, hold adulterous unions as lawful, and think that the baptism of regeneration confers nothing. Their rites are as abominable as their morals. PROBUS II AND PATERNUS II. PROBUS III AND PATERNUS III. MESSALA AND GRATUS. Cyril is appointed eighteenth bishop of Antioch. EUTYCHIANUS is ordained twenty-sixth bishop at Rome, for eight months; after him CAIUS is made twenty-seventh, for 15 years. PROBUS IV AND TIBERIANUS. PROBUS V AND VICTORINUS. Theonas presided as fifteenth bishop at Alexandria. Probus is killed in a military riot at Sirmium, in the tower called the Iron Tower.

CARUS with his sons CARINUS and NUMERIAN, thirty-third, reigned two years. CARUS AND CARINUS. CARUS II AND NUMERIAN. Carus of Narbo, having laid waste the whole region of the Parthians and taken Coche and Ctesiphon, the most famous cities of the enemy, pitched camp beyond the Tigris and died struck by lightning. Numerian, being carried in a litter because of a disease of the eyes, was killed by the plot of Aper, his father-in-law. Carinus fell defeated in battle at Margus.

DIOCLETIAN, thirty-fourth, reigned 20 years. DIOCLETIAN AND ARISTOBULUS. MAXIMUS AND AQUILINUS. Diocletian takes HERCULIUS MAXIMIAN as partner in his rule. Maximian crushed the multitude of peasants, who had given their sedition the name of Bacaudae, and restored peace to the Gauls. Carausius took the purple and occupied the Britains. DIOCLETIAN II AND MAXIMIAN. MAXIMIAN II AND JANUARIUS. Constantius and Galerius Maximian are taken into the rule. To join them to himself by marriage ties as well, Diocletian gave Constantius Theodora, the stepdaughter of Herculius, as his wife, and gave his own daughter Valeria to Galerius; and to secure these marriages he forced both men to repudiate the wives they had before. BASSUS AND QUINTIANUS. DIOCLETIAN III AND MAXIMIAN III. TIBERIANUS AND DIO. HANNIBALIANUS AND ASCLEPIODOTUS. DIOCLETIAN IV AND MAXIMIAN III. Diocletian was the first to order that he be worshipped as a god, and that gems be set into his garments and shoes, whereas before him emperors were approached like magistrates and were distinguished from private dress only by a purple cloak.

CONSTANTIUS AND MAXIMUS. TUSCUS AND ANULLINUS. MARCELLINUS took up the episcopate at Rome as twenty-eighth, for 9 years. DIOCLETIAN V AND CONSTANTIUS II. Zabdas is ordained thirty-seventh bishop at Jerusalem. MAXIMIAN IV AND MAXIMIAN. FAUSTUS AND GALLUS. Veturius, master of the soldiers, persecutes the Christians. End of the third cycle and beginning of the fourth. DIOCLETIAN VI AND MAXIMIAN V. CONSTANTIUS III AND MAXIMIAN III. The Baths of Diocletian were built at Rome, and those of Maximian at Carthage. Hermon presided as thirty-eighth bishop at Jerusalem. Tyrannus is appointed nineteenth bishop of Antioch. After Theonas, Peter is ordained sixteenth bishop of the church of Alexandria; he later, in the ninth year of the persecution, gloriously accomplished his martyrdom. TITIANUS AND NEPOTIANUS. CONSTANTIUS IV AND MAXIMIAN IV. The Augusti Diocletian and Maximian triumphed at Rome with enormous pomp; before their chariot went the wife, sisters, and children of Narses and all the plunder they had taken from the Parthians. DIOCLETIAN VII AND MAXIMIAN VI. NINTH PERSECUTION. In the nineteenth year of Diocletian, in the month of March, in the days of Easter, the churches were overthrown. DIOCLETIAN VIII AND MAXIMIAN VII. In the second year of the persecution Diocletian at Nicomedia and Maximian at Milan laid down the purple.

GALERIUS, thirty-fifth, held the empire alone for two years, then with another for six years. CONSTANTIUS V AND MAXIMIAN V. EUSEBIUS is appointed twenty-ninth bishop at Rome; seven months after him MILTIADES holds the church as thirtieth, for three years. CONSTANTIUS VI AND MAXIMIAN VI. In this consulship Timothy suffered for Christ at Rome on the Kalends of July. Maximinus and Severus were made Caesars by Galerius Maximian. Constantius died in Britain at York in the sixteenth year of his rule. After him his son CONSTANTINE, born of a concubine, Helena, seizes the rule. At the beginning of his reign the fourth year of the persecution was already passing.

CONSTANTINE, thirty-sixth, reigned 30 years and 10 months. DIOCLETIAN IX AND CONSTANTINE. Maxentius, son of Herculius Maximian, is hailed Augustus at Rome by the praetorian soldiers. Severus Caesar, sent by Galerius Maximian against Maxentius, is killed at Ravenna in the second year of his rule. DIOCLETIAN X AND MAXIMIAN VII. LICINIUS was made emperor by Galerius at Carnuntum. Herculius Maximian, exposed by his daughter Fausta for preparing a plot against her husband Constantine, is killed while fleeing at Massilia. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF THE TENTH AND SEVENTH. Quirinus, bishop of Siscia, is gloriously killed for Christ with his companions. LIKEWISE, IN THE SECOND YEAR AFTER THE TENTH AND SEVENTH CONSULSHIPS. Galerius Maximian dies in the twenty-first year of his rule, which he spent partly as Caesar, partly as Augustus. SILVESTER is ordained thirty-first bishop at Rome, for 22 years. MAXIMIAN VIII AND LICINIUS. Maximinus, having raised a persecution against the Christians, when he was already about to be punished by Licinius, dies at Tarsus in the sixth year of his rule. CONSTANTINE II AND LICINIUS II. CONSTANTINE III AND LICINIUS III. Achillas is ordained seventeenth bishop at Alexandria. Maxentius, defeated by Constantine near the Milvian Bridge, is killed. VOLUSIANUS AND ANIANUS. Macarius is appointed thirty-ninth bishop at Jerusalem. CONSTANTINE IV AND LICINIUS IV. Peace was restored to our people by Constantine. Diocletian dies not far from Salona at his villa of Spalatum. SABINUS AND RUFINUS. Crispus and Constantine, sons of Constantine, and the young Licinius, son of Licinius Augustus by Constantine's sister, are named Caesars. Crispus was taught by Lactantius, the most eloquent man of his time, but so poor in this life that he often lacked even necessities. GALLICANUS AND BASSUS. LICINIUS V AND CRISPUS. CONSTANTINE V AND LICINIUS CAESAR. Licinius drives the Christians out of his palace. CONSTANTINE VI AND CONSTANTINE CAESAR. Basileus, bishop of Amasea in Pontus, is crowned with martyrdom under Licinius. Alexander is ordained eighteenth bishop at Alexandria. CRISPUS II AND CONSTANTINE II. Arius the presbyter, cast out of the church of Alexandria by Bishop Alexander, joins many to his impiety, preaching that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are not of one and the same nature, or, to say it more precisely, essence; that the Son is a creature, and the Holy Spirit the creature of a creature, that is, created by the Son himself. To refute this perfidy a synod of three hundred and eighteen bishops gathered in the city of Nicaea in Bithynia and threw down all the machinations of the heretics by setting against them the Homoousion. PROBIANUS AND JULIANUS. SEVERUS AND RUFINUS. Constantius, son of Constantine, is made Caesar. CRISPUS III AND CONSTANTINE III. Licinius is killed at Thessalonica. PAULINUS AND JULIANUS. Crispus, son of Constantine, and the younger Licinius, son of Constantine's sister Constantia and of the elder Licinius, were put to death.

CONSTANTINE VII AND CONSTANTIUS. The Vicennalia of Constantine were held at Nicomedia, and celebrated at Rome the following year. CONSTANTINE II AND MAXIMUS. Up to this point Eusebius, the companion of Pamphilus the martyr, carried the history. After this the authority of Jerome the presbyter follows. Constantine, restoring Drepana, a city of Bithynia, in honor of the martyr Lucian who was buried there, named it Helenopolis after his mother. JANUARIUS AND JUSTUS. Donatus becomes known, from whom come the Donatists throughout Africa. They first made a schism because Caecilian had been ordained bishop of the church of Carthage against their will, bringing against him unproved charges, especially that he had been ordained by traditors of the divine Scriptures. But after the case had been tried and settled, they passed by stubborn discord into heresy, laying down that, because of the crimes of Caecilian, whether true or, as appeared more likely, false, the church of Christ throughout the whole world had been extinguished by the contagion of communion and survived only in Donatus's party. They even dare to rebaptize catholics, though the catholic church has resolved not to undo the common baptism even in heretics themselves. At Antioch, after Tyrannus, Vitalis is ordained twentieth bishop; after him Philogonus twenty-first; Paulinus succeeded him as twenty-second; after him Eustathius was twenty-third. When he was driven into exile for the faith, the Arians held the church until the present day. CONSTANTINE VIII AND CONSTANTINE CAESAR IV. CONSTANTIUS III AND SYMMACHUS. Athanasius is ordained nineteenth bishop at Alexandria. BASSUS AND ABLABIUS. Jerome is born. PACATIANUS AND HILARIANUS. MARK is ordained thirty-second bishop at Rome, for eight months. After him JULIUS was ordained thirty-third, for 16 years and four months. By Constantine's edict the temples of the Gentiles were overthrown. The Romans defeated the Goths in the country of the Sarmatians. Constans, son of Constantine, is advanced to the rule. DALMATIUS AND XENOPHILUS. OPTATUS AND PAULINUS. CONSTANTIUS AND ALBINUS. Constantine with his children sends an honorable letter to Antony the monk. NEPOTIANUS AND FACUNDUS. At Constantine's Tricennalia Dalmatius is named Caesar. Eunomia, daughter of the rhetorician Nazarius, a Christian virgin, equals her father in eloquence. Eustathius, a presbyter of Constantinople, becomes known; by his diligence the martyrium at Jerusalem was built. Constantine, at the last period of his life, baptized by Eusebius bishop of Nicomedia, declined into the Arian dogma. FELICIANUS AND TITIANUS. Constantine, while preparing a war against the Persians, dies at Ancyrona, a public villa near Nicomedia, in the sixty-sixth year of his age; after him his three sons are raised from Caesars to Augusti.

CONSTANTINE, CONSTANTIUS, and CONSTANS, thirty-seventh, reigned 24 years, five months, and twelve days. URSUS AND POLEMIUS. Dalmatius Caesar, whom his uncle Constantine had left as partner in the rule with his sons, is killed by the faction of his cousin Constantius. James of Nisibis becomes known; at his prayers the city was often freed from danger when it was besieged by Sapor king of the Persians. CONSTANTIUS II AND CONSTANS. From this time the Arian impiety, supported by the protection of the emperor Constantius, by exiles, prisons, and various kinds of affliction, persecuted first Athanasius, then all the bishops not of its party. ACINDYNUS AND PROCULUS. Constantine, making war on his brother, is killed at Alsa near Aquileia, in the twenty-third year of his rule. MARCELLINUS AND PROBINUS. Audaeus becomes known in Syria; from him come the Audaean heresy and the Audaeans, also called Anthropomorphites, because they believe that God is conformed to a human image. They are also charged with celebrating the Christian Easter, it is said, by Jewish observance. CONSTANTIUS III AND CONSTANS II. Hermogenes, master of the soldiers, was dragged by the people at Constantinople because of Bishop Paul, whom he was driving out by the emperor's command and the faction of the Arians. Macedonius, of the embroiderer's trade, is put in Paul's place as bishop by the Arians; from him comes the Macedonian heresy, whose dogma is to confess the Father and the Son of one divinity and the same substance, but to call the Holy Spirit a creature. Paul is strangled through the cruelty of the prefect Philip, a supporter of Macedonius's party, and the plots of the Arians. PLACIDUS AND ROMULUS. Maximinus, bishop of Trier, was famous; by him Athanasius bishop of Alexandria was honorably received when Constantius was seeking him for punishment. LEONTIUS AND SALLUSTIUS. Sapor king of the Persians persecutes the Christians. CONSTANTIUS IV AND CONSTANS III. Athanasius returns to Alexandria at the letter of Constans. AMANTIUS AND ALBINUS. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF AMANTIUS AND ALBINUS. RUFINUS AND EUSEBIUS. Maximus, fortieth bishop of Jerusalem after Macarius, dies; after him the Arians seize the church. PHILIP AND SALIA. LIBERIUS is ordained thirty-fourth bishop of the Roman church; when he was driven into exile for the faith in the ninth year of his episcopate, all the clergy swore that they would accept no other.

But when Felix had been substituted in the priesthood by the Arians, very many broke their oath, and a year later, when Liberius returned to the City, they were driven out together with Felix. LIMENIUS AND CATULLINUS. When Magnentius seized the empire at Augustodunum, Constans was killed not far from Spain, in the fort called Helena; because of this the state was thrown into confusion, and Vetranio at Mursa and Nepotianus at Rome were made emperors. SERGIUS AND NIGRINIANUS. The head of Nepotianus was carried on a pike through the City. At Naissus Vetranio was stripped of the royal insignia by Constantius, and Magnentius was defeated at Mursa with great loss to the state. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF SERGIUS AND NIGRINIANUS. Gallus, also called Constantius, the cousin of Constantius, was made Caesar. CONSTANTIUS V AND CONSTANTIUS CAESAR. CONSTANTIUS VI AND CONSTANTIUS CAESAR II. CONSTANTIUS VII AND CONSTANTIUS CAESAR III. Magnentius killed himself with his own hand in the palace at Lyons, and Decentius his brother, whom he had sent as Caesar to hold the Gauls, ended his life with a noose among the Senones. Gallus Caesar, summoned by his cousin Constantius, whose suspicion he had incurred because of his kingly character, is killed in Istria. Paulinus and Rhodanius, bishops of the Gauls, were driven into exile for the faith. Eusebius bishop of Vercelli too, and Lucifer of the church of Cagliari, and Dionysius bishop of the church of Milan, and Pancratius, a Roman presbyter, and Hilary the deacon, were condemned to exile in places far apart from one another by the Arians and Constantius. ARBETIO AND LOLLIANUS. Julian, brother of Gallus, is named Caesar at Milan. CONSTANTIUS VIII AND JULIAN CAESAR. Antony the monk dies in the desert in the hundredth year of his age; he used to tell many who came to him a great deal about a certain Paul of Thebes, a man of wonderful blessedness. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, driven into Phrygia by the faction of Saturninus bishop of Arles and of the other Arians with him, composed books on our religion. The relics of Timothy the apostle were brought to Constantinople. Sarmata, Amathas, and Macarius, disciples of Antony, are held notable. Liberius, bishop of Rome, is sent into exile. CONSTANTIUS IX AND JULIAN CAESAR II. The bones of Andrew the apostle and Luke the evangelist were brought to Constantinople. Paulinus, bishop of Trier, dies in exile in Phrygia. DATIANUS AND CEREALIS. A synod was held at Ariminum and at Seleucia in Isauria, at which the ancient faith of the Fathers was condemned, first by the betrayal of ten envoys, then of all. EUSEBIUS AND HYPATIUS. Gratian, who later became emperor, is born. Bishop Hilary, having presented to Constantius at Constantinople a book in his own defense, returned to the Gauls. Almost all the churches throughout the world, in the name of peace and of the king, are defiled by fellowship with the Arians. Gaul, through Hilary, condemns the deceits of the perfidy of Ariminum. CONSTANTIUS X AND JULIAN III. Constantius dies at Mopsucrenae, between Cilicia and Cappadocia.

JULIAN, thirty-eighth, reigns two years and eight months. When Julian turned to the worship of idols, there was a persecution by flattery, enticing rather than forcing people to sacrifice, in which many of our people fell of their own will. TAURUS AND FLORENTIUS. When George, who had been ordained by the Arians in Athanasius's place, was burned in a popular riot, Athanasius returned. The bishops Eusebius and Lucifer return from exile; of them Lucifer, joining two other confessors to himself, makes Paulinus, presbyter of Bishop Eustathius, who had never defiled himself by communion with heretics, bishop of the catholic party at Antioch. Prohaeresius, an Athenian sophist, when a law was passed that Christians should not be teachers of the liberal disciplines, and Julian granted him by special favor permission to teach, of his own accord gave up his school. MAMERTINUS AND NEVITTA. Aemilianus is burned at Durostorum by the vicar for overturning altars. JULIAN III AND SALLUSTIUS. The churches of Antioch were closed, and the very heavy storm of an impending persecution was calmed by God's will. For Julian, setting out against the Persians, had vowed our blood to his gods after the victory; there, led into the desert by a certain feigned deserter, after he had lost a great part of his army by hunger and thirst, he was killed.

JOVIAN, thirty-ninth, reigns six months, or eight. JOVIAN AND VARRONIANUS. A synod was held at Antioch by Meletius and his followers, in which, rejecting the Homoousion and the Anomoean, they claimed for the Macedonian dogma the Homoiousion, in between these. Jovian dies of indigestion, or of the fumes of coals. After him VALENTINIAN, tribune of the shield-guards, hailed Augustus at Nicaea, takes his brother Valens into partnership in the rule at Constantinople.

VALENTINIAN and VALENS, fortieth, reigned 14 years and five months. VALENTINIAN AND VALENS. GRATIAN AND DAGALAIFUS.

Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, composes many kinds of writings on our religion; he later strayed from the catholic faith, founding the heresy that is named after him. His error is to assert that Jesus took on flesh alone without a soul, or only a living soul, not also a rational one, since the Word itself had filled the place of the mind; and that the flesh itself was not taken from Mary, but something of the Word was turned into flesh. Procopius, who had seized tyranny at Constantinople, was put to death at Salutaris in Phrygia, and many of his party were killed and proscribed. DAMASUS is ordained thirty-fifth bishop of the Roman church, for 18 years. [At this time there was the second schism, with Ursicinus as antipope; it lasted six months, until he was cast out by a synod gathered at Rome, in the year of the Lord 369. (This from the margin of the book.)] Valens, baptized by Eudoxius, bishop of the Arians, persecutes our people. LUPICINUS AND JOVINUS. GRATIAN, son of Valentinian, was made emperor at Ambiani. Bishop Hilary dies at Poitiers. VALENTINIAN II AND VALENS II. VALENTINIAN, NOBILISSIMUS PUER, AND VICTOR. VALENTINIAN III AND VALENS III. Athanaric king of the Goths, raising a persecution against the Christians, kills very many and drives them from their homes onto Roman soil. Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli, dies. At Constantinople the martyrium of the apostles is dedicated. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, dies; he, with Gregory, a bishop of the Spains, and Philo of Libya, never mixed himself with the Arian depravity. But while he did not relax the rigor of justice in correcting those who had given way, he himself withdrew from communion with his own people. GRATIAN AND PROBUS. MODESTUS AND ARINTHAEUS. Didymus of Alexandria writes many commentaries on our teaching through stenographers; he lost his sight after the fifth year of his life, and did not even know the letters of the alphabet. VALENTINIAN IV AND VALENS IV. Eunomius, disciple of Aetius, becomes known at Constantinople; from him comes the Eunomian heresy, which says the Son is not consubstantial with the Father, but like him. His error is to assert that the Son is unlike the Father, and the Holy Spirit unlike the Son. GRATIAN III AND EQUITIUS. AFTER THE CONSULSHIP OF GRATIAN AND EQUITIUS. Because the Sarmatians had laid waste the Pannonias the year before, the same consuls remained. After the late death of Auxentius, when Ambrose was made bishop of Milan, all Italy is converted to the right faith. The clergy of Aquileia are held to be like a choir of the blessed. Valentinian dies at Brigetio of a sudden hemorrhage, which in Greek is called apoplexy. After him GRATIAN, having taken his brother VALENTINIAN into the empire, reigns with his uncle Valens. Valens issued a law that monks should serve as soldiers, and that those unwilling should be beaten to death with clubs. VALENS V AND VALENTINIAN. Photinus dies in Galatia; from him the Photinian dogma was introduced, conceived by Paul of Samosata and Artemon, of whom we spoke above. GRATIAN IV AND MEROBAUDES. Many thousands of Alamanni were slain by the army of Gratian at Argentaria, a town of the Gauls. The nation of the Huns lays waste the Goths, who, received by the Romans without laying down their arms, rebel. VALENS VI AND VALENTINIAN II. The Romans having been defeated, the Goths pour into Thrace. Valens, forced to leave Antioch, by a late repentance recalls our people from exile. A lamentable war in Thrace, in which, the cavalry support deserting, the Roman legions were cut down by the Goths to utter destruction. Valens himself, wounded by an arrow as he fled, and often slipping from his horse because of his great pain, was carried to the hut of a certain villa. When the barbarians pursued him there and burned the house with him in it, he was deprived even of burial.

Up to this point Jerome the presbyter set out the order of the preceding years. We have taken care to add what followed. So, after Valens had been burned by the Goths in Thrace, GRATIAN with his brother VALENTINIAN, forty-first, reigned six years.

AUSONIUS AND OLYBRIUS, CONSULS. Gratian, after the death of his uncle, takes Theodosius, son of Theodosius, into partnership in the empire, and hands over to him the rule of the East. Theodosius, with the greatest good fortune, defeats the Goths in many great battles and drives them out of Thrace. The Lombards, setting out in a great multitude from the farthest borders of Germany, from the very shore of the Ocean and the island of Scandia, and eager for new homes, under the leaders Ibor and Aio first defeated the Vandals. Sempronius, a man of the highest learning, becomes known. In that season Priscillian, a bishop from Gallaecia, founded a heresy of his own name out of the dogma of the Manichees and the Gnostics.

GRATIAN V AND THEODOSIUS, CONSULS. Ambrose writes many things on the catholic faith in a lofty manner. Theodosius, when he was ill at Thessalonica, received baptism from Ascholius, bishop of that city. Through Gratian's management, since Theodosius was ill, peace is confirmed with the Goths. A synod of 180 Fathers was held at Constantinople against Macedonius, who denied that the Holy Spirit is God.

SYAGRIUS AND EUCHERIUS, CONSULS. Martin, bishop of Tours, a city of Gaul, is held famous for many things. Gregory of Nazianzus, the most eloquent man of his age and Jerome's teacher, died.

ANTONIUS AND SYAGRIUS, CONSULS. Athanaric king of the Goths dies at Constantinople on the fifteenth day after he had been received there.

MEROBAUDES II AND SATURNINUS, CONSULS. Arcadius, son of the emperor Theodosius, is named Augustus. Petronius, bishop of Bologna, a man famous for learning and holiness, dies.

RICIMER AND CLEARCHUS, CONSULS. Honorius, son of Theodosius, is born. After Damasus, SIRICIUS presided over the Roman church as thirty-sixth, for 15 years. In Britain Maximus was made emperor through a mutiny of the soldiers; when he soon crossed over to the Gauls, Gratian, betrayed by Merobaudes, the master of the soldiers, was defeated at Paris, and, fleeing, was captured and killed at Lyons. Maximus makes his son Victor Caesar and partner in his rule.

VALENTINIAN with Theodosius, forty-second of the Romans, reigned 7 years.

ARCADIUS AND BAUTO, CONSULS. At this time Jerome the presbyter, already famous throughout the world, lives in Bethlehem, serving the whole church with outstanding talent and study. Priscillian, realizing at the synod of Bordeaux that he would be condemned, appealed to the emperor Maximus; heard at Trier by Evodius, the praetorian prefect, he was condemned to the sword by Maximus, together with Euchrotia, wife of the rhetorician Delphidius, and Latronianus, and others who shared his error. HONORIUS, NOBILISSIMUS PUER, AND

EVODIUS, CONSULS. At Bordeaux a certain disciple of Priscillian named Urbica was stoned to death in a popular riot because of her obstinacy in impiety.

VALENTINIAN III AND EUTROPIUS, CONSULS.

THEODOSIUS II AND CYNEGIUS, CONSULS. The tyrant Maximus is stripped of his royal garments by the emperors Valentinian and Theodosius at the third milestone from Aquileia, brought to trial, and condemned to death; his son Victor was killed in the same year by Count Arbogast in the Gauls.

TIMASIUS AND PROMOTUS, CONSULS. The bishops Ithacius and Ursacius are deprived of the communion of the church because of the death of Priscillian, whose accusers they had been. The Lombards, their leaders having died, made a king for themselves for the first time, Agelmund, son of Aio, who reigned 33 years.

VALENTINIAN IV AND NEOTERIUS, CONSULS. A sign appeared in the sky for 30 days, like a burning dove hanging there. Theodosius, bringing the venerable head of John the Baptist to Constantinople from a village of Cosilaus, placed it at the seventh milestone from the city, in a basilica which he had built at great cost in John's honor. TATIANUS AND SYMMACHUS, CONSULS. Eugenius, trusting in the favor of Arbogast, usurped the empire for himself.

ARCADIUS II AND RUFINUS, CONSULS. Valentinian, driven to weariness of life by the excessive harshness of Arbogast, master of the soldiers, perished by a noose at Vienne. Arbogast, master of the army, after the death of Valentinian, by whose end he was implicated, makes Eugenius ruler in the Gauls.

THEODOSIUS, forty-third of the Romans, having already reigned 14 years, reigns with his sons Arcadius and Honorius for 3 years.

THEODOSIUS III AND ABUNDANTIUS, CONSULS. His father Theodosius made Honorius emperor in the same place where he had also made his brother Arcadius Caesar, at the seventeenth milestone from the city, when at the third hour darkness came on.

ARCADIUS III AND HONORIUS II, CONSULS. John, a monk and anchorite, is held famous; adorned with the grace of prophecy, he foretold to Theodosius, who consulted him about the outcome of the war he was waging against Eugenius, that he would be the victor.

OLYBRIUS AND PROBINUS, CONSULS. Theodosius defeats and destroys the tyrant Eugenius. Augustine, a disciple of the blessed Ambrose, excelling in much eloquence and learning, is ordained bishop at Hippo Regius in Africa. At this time the poet Claudian is held notable. The emperor Theodosius dies at Milan.

ARCADIUS, forty-fourth of the Romans, having already reigned 12 years, reigns with his brother HONORIUS for 13 years.

ARCADIUS IV AND HONORIUS III, CONSULS. There was an earthquake over many days, and the sky was seen to burn. Orosius, a presbyter of Spain, an eloquent man and well versed in history, is famous.

CAESARIUS AND ATTICUS, CONSULS. Flacilla is born, a daughter of Arcadius. Evagrius, a monk of incredible abstinence and learned in the sacred writings, is held notable among the Egyptians. A council at Carthage, where the decrees of the council of Hippo are confirmed and inserted.

HONORIUS IV AND EUTYCHIANUS, CONSULS. ANASTASIUS holds the episcopate of the Roman church as thirty-seventh for 3 years and 12 days. MANLIUS THEODORUS, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. With him the eunuch Eutropius had entered the consulship, who was soon stripped of his office and his life.

STILICHO AND AURELIANUS, CONSULS. The Goths entered Italy under the leaders Alaric and Radagaisus. VINCENTIUS AND FRAVITTA, CONSULS. John of Constantinople and Theophilus of Alexandria are held illustrious bishops. But discord darkened both, and it went so far that John, crushed by Theophilus, was forced to go into exile in Pontus; yet the greatest part of the bishops, following the example of the Roman pontiff, kept communion with him.

ARCADIUS V AND HONORIUS V, CONSULS. At Pollentia a battle was fought against the Goths, with heavy losses on both sides. INNOCENT presides as thirty-eighth bishop of the Roman church, for 15 years, 2 months, and 21 days. THEODOSIUS

AUGUSTUS AND RUMORIDUS, CONSULS. A council of Carthage was held concerning the Donatists. A statue of Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, was set up on a porphyry column.

HONORIUS VI AND ARISTAENETUS, CONSULS. Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, died. STILICHO II AND

ANTHEMIUS, CONSULS. Radagaisus, after many thousands of Goths had been slain in Tuscany, with Stilicho leading the army, was defeated and captured.

ARCADIUS VI AND PROBUS, CONSULS. The Vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine and entered the Gauls on the day before the Kalends of January. HONORIUS VII AND

THEODOSIUS II, CONSULS. Constantine, from the lowest ranks of the army, arises as a tyrant in Britain solely because of the appeal of his name, and crosses into the Gauls.

BASSUS AND PHILIP, CONSULS. The emperor Arcadius dies at Constantinople.

HONORIUS, with THEODOSIUS, his brother's son, forty-fifth of the Romans, reigned 16 years. HONORIUS

VIII AND THEODOSIUS III, CONSULS. The Vandals occupied the Spains. Attalus was made emperor at Rome; soon deprived of the rule, he attached himself to the Goths. FLAVIUS VARRO, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. Rome, once conqueror of the world, was taken by the Goths under their leader Alaric; and for this reason there was only one consul, of the Easterners, which was observed in the following year as well. IN THE FOURTH CONSULSHIP OF THEODOSIUS AUGUSTUS. Constantine was defeated and captured near the town of Arles by Honorius's generals Constantius and Ulphila; Count Gerontius had killed his son Constans, who had begun to reign in Spain, transferring the tyranny to a certain Maximus.

HONORIUS IX AND THEODOSIUS V, CONSULS. Maximus in Spain, his rule taken away, was granted his life, because the modesty and humility of the man did not deserve the odium of having aimed at the empire. The Goths under King Athaulf entered the Gauls. At the same time Heros, a holy man and disciple of the blessed Martin, while he presided as bishop of the town of Arles, was driven out by the people of that city, though innocent and liable to no accusation; and in his place Patroclus was ordained, a friend and intimate of Constantius, master of the soldiers, whose favor was sought through him. This matter was the cause of great discord among the bishops of that region. LUCIANUS, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. His colleague in the consulship was Heraclianus, who, charged with revolution in Africa, lost both his office and his life. The Burgundians took the part of Gaul near the Rhine. The brothers Jovinus and Sebastianus, having seized the rule in the Gauls, were killed. In this season Pelagius the Briton put forth the dogma of his own name against the grace of Christ, with Caelestius and Julian as his helpers, and drew many into his error, preaching that each person is guided to righteousness by his own will, and receives as much grace as he has merited; that Adam's sin harmed him alone and did not bind his descendants; that therefore it is possible for those who will it to be free of all sin; and that all little children are born as innocent as the first man was before his transgression, and are baptized not to be stripped of sin but to be honored with the sacrament of adoption. CONSTANTIUS, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. Attalus, by the counsel and protection of the Goths, takes up the tyranny again in the Gauls.

HONORIUS X AND THEODOSIUS VI, CONSULS. Attalus, neglected by the Goths as they moved to the Spains and lacking protection, is captured and handed over alive to the patrician Constantius. Athaulf died, wounded by one of his own men, and Wallia seized his kingdom, having killed those who were understood to desire the same.

THEODOSIUS VII AND PALLADIUS, CONSULS. Wallia, seeking peace with Honorius, returns Placidia, daughter of the emperor Theodosius, whom the Goths had captured at Rome and whom Athaulf had had as his wife; and Constantius wins her in marriage. ZOSIMUS takes up the episcopate of the Roman church as thirty-ninth, for 1 year, 9 months, and 9 days. At that time the Pelagians, already condemned beforehand by Pope Innocent, were resisted by the vigor of the Africans and above all by the knowledge of Bishop Augustine.

HONORIUS XI AND CONSTANTIUS II, CONSULS. Honorius enters Rome in triumph, with Attalus walking before his chariot; he ordered Attalus to live in exile on Lipara.

HONORIUS XII AND THEODOSIUS VIII, CONSULS. At this time Constantius, a servant of Christ, formerly a vicar, living at Rome and most devotedly resisting the Pelagians on behalf of the grace of God, suffered many things through their faction, which joined him to the holy confessors. A council of 214 bishops was held at Carthage, and the decrees of the synod were brought to Pope Zosimus; when he had approved them, the Pelagian heresy was condemned throughout the whole world. Valentinian, son of Constantius and Placidia, is born on the sixth day before the Nones of July. BONIFACE holds the episcopate of the Roman church as fortieth, for 3 years, 8 months, and 6 days. MONAXIUS AND PLINTA, CONSULS. At this time there was the third schism, the antipope Eulalius being cast out by Honorius Caesar; it lasted two years. The patrician Constantius makes peace with Wallia, giving him Second Aquitaine to live in, with certain cities of the neighboring provinces.

THEODOSIUS IX AND CONSTANTIUS III, CONSULS. Constantius is taken by Honorius into partnership in the rule. Jerome the presbyter dies in the ninety-first year of his age, on the day before the Kalends of October.

AGRICOLA AND EUSTATHIUS, CONSULS. The emperor Constantius dies.

HONORIUS XIII AND THEODOSIUS X, CONSULS. At this time an army was sent to the Spains against the Vandals, led by Castinus, who by his inept and insulting command turned Boniface, a man distinguished in the arts of war, away from sharing in his campaign. For Boniface, thinking it dangerous and unworthy for himself to follow one whom he had found quarrelsome and proud, quickly hurried to the port of the City and from there to Africa; and that was the beginning of many troubles for the state.

MARINIANUS AND ASCLEPIODOTUS, CONSULS. The Augusta Placidia, driven out by her brother Honorius, sets out for the East with her children Honoria and Valentinian. CELESTINE presides as forty-first bishop of the Roman church, for 9 years. Lamissus, son of a prostitute, reigned as eleventh king of the Lombards, for 3 years. Honorius dies, and John seizes his rule, with the connivance, it was thought, of Castinus, who commanded the army as master of the soldiers.

THEODOSIUS, forty-sixth, holds the Roman empire for 30 years. CASTINUS AND

VICTOR, CONSULS. Theodosius makes Valentinian, the son of his aunt, Caesar, and sends him with his mother the Augusta to recover the Western empire. At that time John, while he was seeking by war to get back Africa, which Boniface held, was made too weak to defend himself. THEODOSIUS XI AND VALENTINIAN, CONSULS. The Augusta Placidia and Valentinian Caesar, with wonderful good fortune, crush the tyrant John and, victorious, recover the rule; pardon was given to Aetius, because the Huns, whom John had summoned through him, returned to their own lands through his efforts. Castinus, however, was driven into exile, because it seemed that John could not have assumed the rule without his connivance. Valentinian is named Augustus by decree of Theodosius. Arles, a noble town of the Gauls, was attacked with great force by the Goths, until, as Aetius approached, they withdrew, not unpunished. THEODOSIUS XII AND VALENTINIAN II, CONSULS. Patroclus, bishop of Arles, is killed, torn with many wounds by a certain barbarian tribune; the crime was attributed to a secret order of Felix, master of the soldiers, at whose instigation it is believed that Titus too, a holy deacon distributing money to the poor at Rome, was killed.

HIERIUS AND ARDABUR, CONSULS. Against Boniface, whose power and glory were growing in Africa, war was declared in the name of the state at the will of Felix, because he had refused to come to Italy; the generals were Mavortius, Galbio, and Sinox. By the treachery of Sinox, Mavortius and Galbio were killed while besieging Boniface, and soon Sinox himself, his deceit discovered by Boniface, was killed. From then on the sea became open to peoples who did not know how to use ships, since they were called in to help by those contending, and the conduct of the war begun against Boniface was transferred to Count Sigisvult. The nation of the Vandals crosses from Spain to Africa.

FELIX AND TAURUS, CONSULS. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, attempts to bring a new error into the churches, preaching that Christ was born of Mary a man only, not also God, and that divinity was conferred on him according to merit. This impiety is opposed by the outstanding diligence of Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, and the authority of Pope Celestine. The part of the Gauls near the Rhine, which the Franks had occupied to possess it, was recovered by the arms of Count Aetius.

FLORENTIUS AND DIONYSIUS, CONSULS. Felix having been advanced to the dignity of patrician, Aetius was made master of the soldiers. Agricola, a Pelagian, son of the Pelagian bishop Severianus, corrupted the churches of Britain by insinuating his dogma. But at the instance of Palladius the deacon, Pope Celestine sends Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, in his place, and, the heretics having been routed, he directs the Britons to the catholic faith.

THEODOSIUS XIII AND VALENTINIAN III, CONSULS. Aetius, having perceived that Felix, with his wife Padusia, and Grunnitus the deacon were plotting against him, killed them. Bishop Augustine, most excellent in all things, dies on the fifth day before the Kalends of September, answering the books of Julian at the very end of his days amid the assault of the besieging Vandals, and gloriously persevering in the confession of Christian grace.

BASSUS AND ANTIOCHUS, CONSULS. A synod of more than two hundred bishops having gathered at Ephesus, Nestorius is condemned together with the heresy of his name, and with many Pelagians who were supporting a dogma akin to their own error. Palladius is ordained by Pope Celestine and sent as the first bishop to the Scots who believe in Christ.

AETIUS AND VALERIUS, CONSULS. XYSTUS is placed over the Roman church as forty-second bishop, for 8 years and 19 days, with wonderful peace and agreement of the whole City. Boniface came from Africa to Italy and through the City, having received the dignity of master of the soldiers; when he had defeated Aetius, who resisted him, in battle, he died of disease a few days later. Aetius, having laid down his power, was living on his estate; when a certain enemy of his tried to overwhelm him there by a sudden attack, he fled to the City, and from there to Dalmatia, and then through Pannonia reached the Huns; making use of their friendship and help, he obtained peace with the emperors and the right to his interrupted power. THEODOSIUS

XIV AND MAXIMUS, CONSULS. The greatest, northern part of the royal city burned and collapsed over three continuous days, in the month of August. John the monk, surnamed Cassian, is held to be a notable and eloquent writer at Marseilles. All the years up to the consulship of Theodosius XIV and Maximus are gathered thus: from the fifteenth year of Tiberius and the passion of the Lord, 406 years; from the restoration of the temple under Darius, 954 years; from the first Olympiad and the prophet Isaiah, 1,210 years; from Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1,466 years; from Moses and Cecrops king of Attica, 1,990 years; from Abraham and the reign of Ninus and Semiramis, 2,451 years; from the flood to Abraham, 1,071 years; and from Adam to the flood, 2,242 years. So from Adam to the time of the consuls written above there are 5,762 years.

ASPAR AND AREOBINDUS, CONSULS.

THEODOSIUS XV AND VALENTINIAN IV, CONSULS. Peace was made with the Vandals at Hippo on the third day before the Ides of February, a portion of Africa being given them to live in, through Trigetius. At the same time Aetius overcame in war Gundicar, king of the Burgundians, who was living within the Gauls, and gave him peace at his supplication; he did not enjoy it long, for the Huns destroyed him with his people and his stock.

ISIDORE AND SENATOR, CONSULS. The Goths break the terms of peace and occupy most of the towns near their homes, being especially hostile to the town of Narbonne; when it had long suffered from siege and famine, it was freed from both dangers by Count Litorius. For, having each horseman bring two measures of wheat, he most vigorously put the enemy to flight and filled the city with provisions.

AETIUS II AND SIGISVULT, CONSULS. War is waged against the Goths with the Huns as allies. In Africa Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, wishing to overturn the catholic faith within the bounds of his settlement with the Arian impiety, persecuted certain of our bishops, of whom Possidius, Novatus, and Severianus were the more famous, to the point of depriving them of the right to their basilicas and even driving them from their cities, since their constancy yielded to none of the terrors of the most arrogant king. The Augustus Valentinian sets out for Constantinople to the emperor Theodosius and receives his daughter in marriage. In the same year deserters from the barbarian federates practiced piracy. About the same time four Spanish men, Arcadius, Probus, Paschasius, and Eutychius, had long been dear to Gaiseric and highly regarded by him for the merit of their wisdom and faithful service; to bind them more closely to himself, the king ordered them to go over to the Arian sect. But they most steadfastly rejected the crime, and the barbarian, roused to the most rabid anger, first proscribed them, then drove them into exile, then tortured them with the most atrocious punishments; at last they were killed by various deaths and died wonderfully in an illustrious martyrdom. A boy named Paulillus, the brother of Paschasius and Eutychius, much liked by the king for the elegance of his looks and mind, when he could be shaken by no threats from his profession and love of the catholic faith, was long beaten with clubs and condemned to the lowest slavery: not killed, it appears, so that even that young age should not glory in having overcome the cruelty of the impious king. THEODOSIUS XVI AND

FAUSTUS, CONSULS. In this year too the same pirates laid waste many islands, but especially Sicily. Certain successes were won against the Goths in Gaul.

THEODOSIUS XVII AND FESTUS, CONSULS. Litorius, who, second in power after the patrician Aetius, commanded the Hunnish auxiliaries, while he sought to surpass the glory of Aetius, and while he trusted in the responses of soothsayers and the signs of demons, rashly joined battle with the Goths, and made it clear how much that force which perished with him could have achieved, had he chosen to follow better counsels rather than his own rashness; for he himself inflicted such slaughter on the enemy that, had he not fallen into captivity by fighting inconsiderately, it would have been doubtful to which side the victory should be ascribed. In this season Julian of Eclanum, a most boastful champion of the Pelagian error, whom an intemperate desire for the episcopate he had long lost was driving, holding out the hope of amendment with many kinds of deceit, attempted to creep into the communion of the church. But Pope Xystus, at the urging of the deacon Leo, watchfully meeting these snares, allowed no entry to open for these pestilent attempts; and so he made all catholics rejoice at the rejection of the deceitful beast, as though the apostolic sword had then for the first time cut down this most proud heresy. About the same time Vitricus was held loyal to our state and famous for many proofs in war. Peace was made with the Goths, when, after the lamentable experience of a doubtful battle, they had asked for it more humbly than ever before. While Aetius was intent on the affairs being settled in the Gauls, Gaiseric, from whose friendship nothing was feared, on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of November invaded Carthage by a treacherous peace, and took all its wealth into his own possession, torturing the citizens with different kinds of torments. Nor did he refrain from despoiling the churches, which, emptied of their sacred vessels and deprived of the ministry of the priests, he ordered to be no longer places of divine worship but dwellings for his own people. Savage toward every rank of the captive people, but especially hostile to the nobility and to religion, so that one could not tell whether he had made war more on men or on God. Carthage underwent this captivity in the 585th year after Rome had come to be. VALENTINIAN AUGUSTUS V AND ANA-

TOLIUS, CONSULS. After the death of Bishop Xystus, the Roman church was without a bishop for more than 40 days, waiting with wonderful peace and patience for the presence of the deacon Leo, whom the Gauls were then detaining while he restored friendship between Aetius and Albinus; as though he had been taken farther away so that both the merit of the one elected and the judgment of the electors might be proved. So LEO the deacon, summoned by a public embassy and presented to his rejoicing homeland, is ordained forty-third bishop of the Roman church. Gaiseric, severely afflicting Sicily, on receiving news that Sebastian had crossed from Spain to Africa, quickly returned to Carthage, thinking it would be dangerous for himself and his people if a man skilled in war applied himself to recovering Carthage. But Sebastian, wishing to appear a friend rather than an enemy, found everything in the barbarian's mind otherwise than he had presumed; and that hope was the chief cause of his calamity and most unhappy death. CYRUS, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. The emperor Theodosius makes war against the Vandals, sending a great fleet under the generals Areobindus, Anaxilla, and Germanus; but they, putting off the business with long delays, were more a burden to Sicily than a defense to Africa. DIOSCORUS, VIR CLARISSIMUS, AND

EUDOXIUS, CONSULS. As the Huns were laying waste Thrace and Illyricum with savage devastation, the army that was staying in Sicily returns to defend the Eastern regions. Peace was confirmed with Gaiseric by the Augustus Valentinian, and Africa was divided between them by fixed boundaries. Certain of Gaiseric's nobles conspired against him, as he was growing proud among his own people because of his success. But the plot was discovered, and they were tortured with many punishments and put to death by him. And since others too seemed likely to dare the same, the king's suspicion was the ruin of many, so that by this concern for himself he lost more of his strength than if he had been defeated in war. MAXIMUS II AND

PATERIUS, CONSULS. At this time, through the diligence of Pope Leo, it became known that very many Manichees were hiding within the City. He dug them out of their secret places and exposed them before the eyes of the whole church, and made them both condemn and disclose all the foulnesses of their dogma; their books, of which great heaps had been seized, were burned. This care, inspired in the holy man by God, as it appeared, was of very great benefit not only to the city of Rome but to the whole world. For by the confessions of those caught in the City it was revealed who their teachers, who their bishops or presbyters were, and in which provinces or cities they lived. And many bishops of the Eastern regions imitated the diligence of the apostolic ruler.

THEODOSIUS XVIII AND ALBINUS, CONSULS. This year the Lord's Easter was celebrated on the ninth day before the Kalends of May, and there was no error, because the day of the Passion fell on the eleventh day before the Kalends of May. Out of reverence for it, the birthday of the city of Rome passed without circus games. Attila king of the Huns kills his brother Bleda, his partner in the kingdom, and forces his peoples to obey him. VALENTINIAN VI AND

NOMUS, CONSULS.

AETIUS III AND SYMMACHUS.

CALEPIUS AND ARDABUR. [Eutyches the heresiarch, a presbyter of Constantinople, relying on the friendship of Theodosius Augustus, attempted to assert that there is not a complete man in Christ. Flavian, bishop of the same city, taking up the case against him ..., was condemned with his bishops, at the instigation of Dioscorus, bishop of the city of Alexandria. Against Dioscorus Leo, pope of the City, sent a bishop, a presbyter, and a deacon. They, having suffered injury, report that Flavian had died in the catholic defense through the most grievous injuries.

POSTUMIANUS AND ZENO. The emperor Theodosius, in defense of Eutyches, summons Leo, pope of the City, to himself; Leo, when he wished to go, was prevented by the people, and sent presbyters and deacons.

ASTURIUS AND PROTOGENES. The catholics are called again to be heard.] At this time the Eutychian heresy arose, its author being a certain presbyter Eutyches, who presided over a most celebrated monastery at Constantinople, preaching that Jesus Christ our Lord, Son of the blessed Virgin Mary, had nothing of his mother's substance, but that under the appearance of a man there was in him only the nature of the Word of God. For this impiety he was condemned by Flavian, bishop of the same city, because he would not be corrected. But trusting in the friendship of the king and the favor of the courtiers, he asked to be heard by a universal synod; the emperor Theodosius agreed and ordered all the bishops to meet at Ephesus for the reconsideration of this case. In that council Dioscorus, bishop of Alexandria, claiming the primacy for himself, acquitted Eutyches and pronounced a sentence of condemnation against Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, while Hilary, deacon of the Roman church, protested; he had been sent from the apostolic see in place of the holy Pope Leo, together with Julius, bishop of Puteoli. For when all the bishops gathered in the council were being compelled by the force and fear of the counts and soldiers whom the emperor had assigned to Dioscorus, bishop of the city of Alexandria, to give their consent to this heresy, the deacon we have mentioned, placed amid so many dangers to his life, uttered his voice in contradiction; and when they raged for his destruction because of it, he left all his belongings there and slipped away secretly, so that by his report he might make known to the aforesaid pope and the other bishops of Italy how the catholic faith had been violated there. And the holy Flavian, in the hands of those who were leading him into exile, passed over to Christ by a glorious end.

VALENTINIAN VII AND AVIENUS. Pope Leo prevailing again, presbyters and deacons are sent to the East to refute the heresy. And in the same year Theodosius Augustus died. When the emperor Theodosius had died, and Chrysaphius the chamberlain, who had misused the emperor's friendship, had been put to death, MARCIAN took up the rule with the consent of the whole army, a most serious man and most necessary not only to the state but also to the church. By his edicts, which followed the authority of the apostolic see, the synod of Ephesus was condemned, and an episcopal council was decreed to be held at Chalcedon, so that those who were corrected might be healed by pardon, and the obstinate, together with the heresy, be driven out. Placidia died on the Kalends of December. MARCIAN AUGUSTUS AND FLAVIUS ADELPHIUS. Attila, after the murder of his brother, enlarged by the wealth of the one he had killed, forces many thousands of neighboring peoples into a war which he announced he was waging only against the Goths, as a guardian of Roman friendship. But when, after he had crossed the Rhine, many cities of Gaul experienced his most savage attacks, both our side and the Goths quickly agreed to resist the fury of the proud enemy with united armies. And so great was the foresight of the patrician Aetius that, gathering warriors hastily from everywhere, he met the hostile multitude on equal terms. In that conflict, though neither side gave way, incalculable slaughter of those dying together took place; yet it is clear that the Huns were defeated in this, that, having lost confidence in fighting, those who survived returned to their own lands.

HERCULANUS AND SPORACIUS. Attila, having restored the strength he had lost in Gaul, set out to enter Italy through the Pannonias, while our general Aetius made no provision at all in keeping with his work in the former war, so that he did not even use the barriers of the Alps, by which the enemy could have been kept out, thinking that the only hope left for his people was to withdraw from all Italy together with the emperor. But since this seemed full of disgrace and danger, shame restrained fear, and it was believed that the enemy's savagery and greed had been sated by the very widespread overthrow of so many noble provinces; and among all the counsels of the emperor, the senate, and the Roman people nothing seemed more salutary than to seek peace from the most savage king through envoys. The most blessed Pope Leo undertook this business, with the consular Avienus and the former prefect Trigetius, relying on the help of God, whom he knew had never failed the labors of the pious. And nothing followed but what faith had presumed. For the whole embassy was received graciously, and the king was so pleased by the presence of the high priest that he ordered war to be given up and, having promised peace, withdrew beyond the Danube. OPILIO, VIR CLARISSIMUS, CONSUL. The synod of Chalcedon was completed, Eutyches and Dioscorus being condemned, and all who withdrew from them being received into communion, the faith being universally confirmed which was preached by the holy Pope Leo concerning the incarnation of the Word according to the teaching of the Gospels and the Apostles. When Attila died in his own lands, great contests first arose among his sons over obtaining the kingdom; then the secessions of several peoples who had obeyed the Huns followed, which gave causes and occasions for wars, in which these most savage peoples were worn down by mutual attacks. Among the Goths settled within the Gauls, a dissension arose among the sons of King Theoderic, of whom Thorismod, the eldest, had succeeded his father. And when the king was planning things hostile both to the Roman peace and to the quiet of the Goths, he was killed by his brothers, because he pressed on irrevocably with his harmful plans.

AETIUS AND STUDIUS. Between the Augustus Valentinian and the patrician Aetius, after oaths of mutual faith had been given and after an agreement on the marriage of their children, dire enmities grew strong; and where the grace of affection should have been increased, from there the tinder of hatred blazed up, the instigator (as was believed) being the eunuch Heraclius, who had so bound the emperor's mind to himself by insincere service that he could easily drive him wherever he wished. So when Heraclius kept persuading the emperor of every evil concerning Aetius, this one thing was believed likely to benefit the emperor's safety: if he forestalled the moves of his enemy by his own act. So Aetius, while he pressed too insistently for what had been agreed and pleaded his son's cause too vehemently, was cruelly slain by the emperor's hand and the swords of those standing around; Boethius the praetorian prefect, who was joined to him in close friendship, was killed at the same time.

VALENTINIAN VIII AND ANTHEMIUS. The death of Valentinian followed the death of Aetius not long after, and was so imprudently left unguarded against that the slayer of Aetius took Aetius's friends and armed attendants into his own company. They, secretly watching for an opportunity for the crime they had conceived, when the emperor had gone out of the City and was intent on the sport of riding, stabbed him with unexpected blows; Heraclius, who was next to him, was killed at the same time, and no one of the royal throng was roused to avenge so great a crime. When this parricide had been committed, MAXIMUS, a man of two consulships and of patrician rank, took the empire. Though he was believed likely to benefit the endangered state in every way, he soon proved by evidence what mind he had: for he not only did not punish the killers of Valentinian but even received them into friendship, and forced Valentinian's wife, the Augusta, forbidden to mourn the loss of her husband, to pass into marriage with himself within a very few days. But he did not long enjoy this incontinence. For in the second month, when the coming of King Gaiseric from Africa was announced, and many nobles and common people were fleeing from the City, and he himself, having given everyone leave to go, wished to depart in fear, on the seventy-seventh day after obtaining the empire he was torn to pieces by the royal servants, thrown limb by limb into the Tiber, and was deprived even of burial. After this end of Maximus there followed at once the captivity of Rome, worthy of many tears, and Gaiseric took the City, empty of all defense. The holy bishop Leo met him outside the gates, and his supplication, with God at work, so softened him that, although everything was in his power, the city having been handed over to him, he nevertheless refrained from fire, slaughter, and torture. So for fourteen days, by a secure and free search, Rome was emptied of all its wealth, and many thousands of captives, according as each pleased by age or skill, were carried off to Carthage with the empress and her daughters. In the same year the Lord's Easter was celebrated on the eighth day before the Kalends of May, through the persistent purpose of the bishop of Alexandria, with whom all the Easterners thought they should agree, although the holy Pope Leo protested that the fifteenth day before the Kalends of May should rather be observed. There survive letters of the same pope addressed to the most clement emperor Marcian, in which the reasoning of the truth was carefully and clearly laid open; and from which the catholic church can learn that this view was tolerated for the sake of unity and peace rather than approved, and is never to be imitated hereafter, so that what brought deadly offense may lose all authority for ever.

VARANES AND JOHN. CONSTANTINE AND RUFUS. ARDABUR AND MAXIMIANUS. After the consulship of Theodosius XVII and Festus, Gaiseric king of the Vandals entered Carthage on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of November. He ruled that city of Africa for 38 years, 3 months, and 6 days. After him reigned Huneric, his son, for 7 years, 10 months, and 18 days. At the end of the seventh year of his reign he made a persecution of the catholic church, closed all the churches, and banished all the catholic priests of the Lord, with Eugenius bishop of Carthage, into exile. By God's judgment he ended his life swarming with worms. After him reigned Gunthamund, son of Gento, brother of the same King Huneric, for 11 years, 9 months, and 11 days. In the third year of his reign he ordered the cemetery of the holy martyr Agileus at Carthage to be given to the catholics, Eugenius bishop of Carthage having already been recalled from exile by him. In the tenth year of his reign he opened the churches of the catholics, and at the request of Eugenius bishop of Carthage recalled all the priests of God from exile. These churches were closed for 10 years, 6 months, and 5 days, that is, from the eighth year of Huneric, from the seventh day before the Ides of February, to the tenth year of King Gunthamund, to the fourth day before the Ides of August; in this the aforesaid 10 years, 6 months, and 5 days were completed. The said King Gunthamund lived afterward 2 years and 1 month. After him reigned Thrasamund, son of Gento, for 26 years, 8 months, and 4 days. From the beginning of the empire of Avitus to the twenty-seventh year of Thrasamund ... 18 [years]. From the fourteenth year of the empire and the death of Valens to the twenty-fifth year of Thrasamund, there are 118 years. After him reigned Hilderic, son of Huneric, for 8 years and 8 days. At the beginning of his reign he ordered Boniface to be ordained bishop at Carthage in the church of Saint Agileus, and restored liberty to all catholics. In his reign Gelimer seized tyranny and invaded his kingdom, in which he sat for 3 years and 3 months. He was so wicked as to commit such murders that he did not spare even his own relatives. So from the beginning of King Gaiseric to the end of the Vandals there are 93 years, 10 months, and 11 days. And from the death of Valens in the fourteenth year of his reign to the time stated above, 154 years. So the sum of all the years from Adam to the destruction of the Vandals comes to 5,733 years.