Romans 1 in the early church
1180 passages quote, allude to, or echo Romans 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32
Romans 1 as a whole
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1–Rom:16 | Canon 60 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 343–381 |
| Rom 1–Rom:16 | Canon 47 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 397 |
Romans 1:1
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:1 | Lines 41–50 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | late 2nd or 4th century (disputed) |
| Rom 1:1–4 | Against Heresies 3.16.3 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 1:1 | On First Principles 2.4.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rom 1:1 | Fragments on Proverbs, column 185 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 1:1–5 | Commentary on John 2.70 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 1:1–7 | Commentary on John 19.31 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 1:1 | Commentary on Romans 1.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:1 | Commentary on Romans 1.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:1 | Commentary on Romans 1.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:1–3 | Demonstration of the Gospel 7.2.53 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Rom 1:1 | Letter 7.1 · Antony the Great | allusion, medium confidence | before 356 |
| Rom 1:1–4 | Against Marcellus 1.2.17 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 336–337 |
| Rom 1:1 | Oration II Against the Arians 54 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Rom 1:1 | To the Bishops of Egypt 4 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Trinity 12.3 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 356–360 |
| Rom 1:1 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 70 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 1:1 | Commentary on Ephesians 1.1 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–363 |
| Rom 1:1 | Commentary on Romans 1:1 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:1 | Question 91, section 7 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rom 1:1 | Letter 24.2 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:1 | Book of Rules 1 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Christian Faith 1.16 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Christian Faith 5.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Christian Faith 5.9 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Trinity 5 · Faustinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–384 |
| Rom 1:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 12.41.2 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 1:1 | Sermon 54.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 1:1 | Sermon 186.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 1:1 | Sermon 316.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 1:1–4 | Acts of the Debate with Fortunatus the Manichaean 19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 28–29 August 392 |
| Rom 1:1–3 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 12.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:1 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 15.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:1 | Tractates 9 · Gaudentius of Brescia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 397-410 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Work of Monks 30 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, low confidence | ca. 400–401 |
| Rom 1:1 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 105.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Rom 1:1 | On the Predestination of the Saints 15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 428/429 |
| Rom 1:1–3 | Against Five Heresies 5 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Romans 1:2
the gospel He promised beforehand through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures,
Romans 1:3
regarding His Son, who was a descendant of David according to the flesh,
Romans 1:4
and who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God by His resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:4 | To the Smyrnaeans 1.1 · Ignatius of Antioch | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 110 (range ca. 105–135) |
| Rom 1:4 | Against Heresies 3.22.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 1:4 | Against Praxeas 27 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Rom 1:4 | On First Principles 2.4.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rom 1:4 | Homily on Isaiah 3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 235–250 |
| Rom 1:4 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 1:4 | Commentary on Matthew 11.17 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 1:4 | Commentary on Romans 1.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:4 | Commentary on Romans 7.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:4 | Against Marcellus 1.2.18 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 336–337 |
| Rom 1:4 | Against Marcellus 1.2.19 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 336–337 |
| Rom 1:4 | Catechetical Lecture 14.21 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Rom 1:4 | Catechetical Lecture 17.5 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Rom 1:4 | Letters to Serapion 1.11 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Rom 1:4 | Letters to Serapion 1.22 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Rom 1:4 | Against the Arians 21 · Phoebadius of Agen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357-358 |
| Rom 1:4 | On the Holy Spirit 53 · Didymus the Blind | allusion, low confidence | Greek ca. 360-390; Latin 387-391 |
| Rom 1:4 | Commentary on Romans 1:2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:4 | Question 121, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rom 1:4 | Book of Rules 1 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 1:4 | On the Holy Spirit 28.70 · Basil of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Rom 1:4 | Ancoratus 68.10 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374 |
| Rom 1:4 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 54.6.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Rom 1:4 | Letters 38.1 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 1:4 | On the Trinity 12.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–419 |
| Rom 1:4 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 105.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Rom 1:4 | On the Predestination of the Saints 15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 428/429 |
Romans 1:5
Through Him and on behalf of His name, we received grace and apostleship to call all those among the Gentiles to the obedience that comes from faith.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:5 | Commentary on John 2.71 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 1:5 | Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:5 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.156 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Rom 1:5 | Commentary on Romans 1.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:5 | Homilies on the Psalms 44.4 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Rom 1:5 | Commentary on Romans 1:5 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:5 | On the Holy Spirit 8.17 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Rom 1:5 | On the Holy Spirit 29.74 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Rom 1:5 | Canons on the Letters of Paul 72 · Priscillian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–400 |
| Rom 1:5 | Letter 49.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 1:5 | Letters 5.1 · Paulinus of Nola | echo, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 1:5 | Letters 15.3 · Paulinus of Nola | echo, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Romans 1:6
And you also are among those who are called to belong to Jesus Christ.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:6 | Commentary on Romans 1.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:6 | Commentary on Romans 1:6 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
Romans 1:7
To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:7 | Lines 51–60 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | late 2nd or 4th century (disputed) |
| Rom 1:7 | Homilies on Numbers 10.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Romans 1.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Romans 1.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Romans 9.2 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:7 | Church History 5.1.3 · Eusebius of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 300–325 |
| Rom 1:7 | Oration II Against the Arians 42 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Rom 1:7 | Oration III Against the Arians 11 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Rom 1:7 | Oration III Against the Arians 13 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Rom 1:7 | Against Arius 1.47 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Rom 1:7 | Against Arius 3.17 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Rom 1:7 | On the Holy Spirit 16 · Didymus the Blind | quotation, high confidence | Greek ca. 360-390; Latin 387-391 |
| Rom 1:7 | Oration 42.9 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Romans 1:7 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Romans 1:13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:7 | Letter 21.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:7 | Letter 75.1 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:7 | Letter 140.5 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:7 | Chapter 7 · Nicetas, bishop of Remesiana | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–414 |
| Rom 1:7 | On the Spirit and the Letter 12 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 412 |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.6 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Rom 1:7 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.32 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Rom 1:7 | Retractations 1.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 426-427 |
Romans 1:8
First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is being proclaimed all over the world.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:8 | Against Praxeas 28 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Matthew 13.20 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Romans 1.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Romans 2.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Romans 6.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 30.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 59.14 · Cyprian of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 60.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rom 1:8 | On the Trinity 8.21 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 356–360 |
| Rom 1:8–9 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 70 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on 1 Thessalonians 1:8 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Romans 1:8 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:8 | Commentary on Romans 16:17–19 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 15.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 63.2 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 84.9 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 127.9 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 130.16 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 1:8 | On the Holy Spirit 8.17 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Rom 1:8 | On the Complaints of Job and David 4.36 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 383-390 |
| Rom 1:8 | Letter 36.21 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 1:8 | On the Blessings of the Patriarchs 25 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-392 |
| Rom 1:8 | Against Jovinianus 2.38 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Rom 1:8 | Apology against Rufinus 3.12 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 401–402 |
| Rom 1:8 | Apology against Jerome 1.36 · Rufinus of Aquileia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 401 |
| Rom 1:8 | Celestine, ACO I.2, letter 5.2 · Celestine I, bishop of Rome | echo, medium confidence | 430-432 |
| Rom 1:8 | Chapter 16 · Prosper of Aquitaine | quotation, high confidence | ca. 432-433 |
| Rom 1:8 | Book 1, chapter 23 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 440-450 |
Romans 1:9
God, whom I serve with my spirit in preaching the gospel of His Son, is my witness how constantly I remember you
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:9 | Commentary on Romans 1.10 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:9 | Commentary on Romans 1.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:9 | Commentary on Romans 1:9 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:9 | Letter 157.40 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 1:9 | On Faith and the Creed 23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 393 |
| Rom 1:9 | The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.17 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 393–396 |
| Rom 1:9 | On Lying 28 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 395 |
| Rom 1:9 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 19.22 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Romans 1:10
in my prayers at all times, asking that now at last by God’s will I may succeed in coming to you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:10 | Commentary on Romans 1.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:10 | Commentary on Romans 1:10 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:10 | On the Holy Spirit 5.11 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
Romans 1:11
For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:11 | Miscellanies 5.1.2 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 1:11 | Miscellanies 5.4.26 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 1:11 | PG 12:1317 (Ps 36 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 1:11 | Commentary on Romans 1.12 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:11 | Letter 5 · Ammonas | quotation, high confidence | ca. 340-360 |
| Rom 1:11 | Commentary on Romans 1:11 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:11 | Apostolic Constitutions 8.1.9 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Romans 1:12
that is, that you and I may be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:12 | Miscellanies 5.1.2 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 1:12 | Commentary on Romans 1.12 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:12 | Commentary on Romans 10.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:12 | Letter 176 · Basil of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Rom 1:12 | Commentary on Romans 1:12 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
Romans 1:13
I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, how often I planned to come to you (but have been prevented from visiting until now), in order that I might have a harvest among you, just as I have had among the other Gentiles.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:13 | Homilies on Numbers 11.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:13 | Commentary on Romans 1.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:13 | Commentary on Romans 1.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:13 | Commentary on Romans 1:13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:13 | Commentary on Romans 15:22–24 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:13 | Tractates 21 · Gaudentius of Brescia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 397-410 |
| Rom 1:13 | City of God 14.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
Romans 1:14
I am obligated both to Greeks and non-Greeks, both to the wise and the foolish.
Romans 1:15
That is why I am so eager to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:15 | Commentary on Romans 1.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:15 | Commentary on Romans 1:15 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:15 | On Fleeing the World 14 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-391 |
| Rom 1:15 | On the Spirit and the Letter 18 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 412 |
Romans 1:16
I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, first to the Jew, then to the Greek.
Romans 1:17
For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”
Romans 1:18
The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness.
Romans 1:19
For what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.
Romans 1:20
For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood from His workmanship, so that men are without excuse.
Romans 1:21
For although they knew God, they neither glorified Him as God nor gave thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking and darkened in their foolish hearts.
Romans 1:22
Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools,
Romans 1:23
and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images of mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles.
Romans 1:24
Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another.
Romans 1:25
They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is forever worthy of praise! Amen.
Romans 1:26
For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones.
Romans 1:27
Likewise, the men abandoned natural relations with women and burned with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.
Romans 1:28
Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:28 | Against Heresies 4.29.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Heresies 4.33.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 1:28 | Fragments on Proverbs, column 189 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 1:28 | PG 12:1589 (Ps 118 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 1:28 | On Prayer 29.12 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Rom 1:28 | On Prayer 29.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Rom 1:28 | On Prayer 29.16 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Rom 1:28 | Homilies on Judges 2.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:28 | Homilies on Judges 4.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:28–30 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 4.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Celsus 5.32 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Celsus 7.48 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 1.19 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 1.20 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 3.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 6.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 8.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:28 | Catechetical Lecture 4.19 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Rom 1:28–32 | On Saint Athanasius 2.6 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Rom 1:28 | That One Must Die for the Son of God 10 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Rom 1:28 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 9 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 1:28–29 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 69 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 1:28 | Tractates on the Psalms 51.12 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Rom 1:28 | Oration 39.7 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 1:28 | Homilies 9.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Rom 1:28 | Commentary on Romans 1:28 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:28 | Question 110, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rom 1:28 | Letter to Adelphius 4 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370 |
| Rom 1:28 | Apostolic Constitutions 5.12.6 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 1:28 | Homily 2 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 379–394 |
| Rom 1:28 | On the Life of Moses 345 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Rom 1:28 | Exposition of Psalm 118 4.24.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 1:28 | Letter 194.36 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 1:28 | Homilies on Matthew 38.2 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 1:28 | Letters 47.1 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 13.11 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 21.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:28 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 21.9 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:28 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.48 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| Rom 1:28 | On the Spirit and the Letter 54 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 412 |
| Rom 1:28–29 | Commentary on Jeremiah 4.57 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Rom 1:28 | On Nature and Grace 24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 415 |
| Rom 1:28 | The Institutes 12.21 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
| Rom 1:28 | Sermon 155 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Rom 1:28 | On Grace and Free Will 21 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426 |
| Rom 1:28 | The Conferences 3.20 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Rom 1:28 | The Conferences 6.11 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Rom 1:28 | The Conferences 18.16 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Rom 1:28 | On the Predestination of the Saints 10 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 428/429 |
| Rom 1:28 | On the Governance of God 6.8 · Salvian of Marseilles | allusion, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
| Rom 1:28 | On the Governance of God 7.77 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Romans 1:29
They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice. They are gossips,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:29 | Didache 5.1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 50–150 (often ca. 100) |
| Rom 1:29–32 | 1 Clement 35.5 · Clement of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Rom 1:29 | Homilies on Judges 2.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:29 | Homilies on Judges 4.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:29 | Commentary on Romans 1.19 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:29 | Commentary on Romans 1.20 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:29 | Homilies 11.1 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Rom 1:29 | Commentary on Romans 1:28 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:29 | On Nature and Grace 24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 415 |
| Rom 1:29–32 | Sermon 120 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Romans 1:30
slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant, and boastful. They invent new forms of evil; they disobey their parents.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:30 | To Autolycus 1.2 · Theophilus of Antioch | echo, medium confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Rom 1:30 | Homilies on Judges 4.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:30 | Commentary on Romans 1.19 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:30–32 | Letter 67.9 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rom 1:30 | Oration I Against the Arians 4 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Rom 1:30 | Commentary on Romans 1:28 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:30 | Commentary on Romans 1:31 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:30 | Homily 2 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Rom 1:30 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 19.24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 1:30 | On Catechizing the Uninstructed 11 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–405 |
| Rom 1:30 | On Nature and Grace 24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 415 |
Romans 1:31
They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 1:31 | Homilies on Judges 4.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 1:31 | Commentary on Romans 1.19 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 1:31–32 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 47 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 1:31 | Commentary on Romans 1:31 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 1:31 | Homilies on Matthew 35.5 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 1:31 | City of God 14.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Rom 1:31 | On Nature and Grace 24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 415 |
Romans 1:32
Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things are worthy of death, they not only continue to do these things, but also approve of those who practice them.