Isaiah 40 in the early church
[Vulgate: Isaias]
475 passages quote, allude to, or echo Isaiah 40, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 22 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 31
Isaiah 40:1
“Comfort, comfort My people,” says your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:1 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.3 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:1–2 | Letter 3.6 · Antony the Great | quotation, high confidence | before 356 |
| Isa 40:1 | Homilies 2.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Isa 40:1–2 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.15.1 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 40:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 10.4.4 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Isa 40:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 18.2.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Isa 40:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 18.4.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Isa 40:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.20.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Isaiah 40:2
“Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and proclaim to her that her forced labor has been completed; her iniquity has been pardoned. For she has received from the hand of the LORD double for all her sins.”
Isaiah 40:3
A voice of one calling: “Prepare the way for the LORD in the wilderness; make a straight highway for our God in the desert.
Isaiah 40:4
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill made low; the uneven ground will become smooth, and the rugged land a plain.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:4 | Shepherd of Hermas, Vision 1.3.4 (3.4) · Hermas | echo, medium confidence | ca. 100–150 |
| Isa 40:4 | Sibylline Oracles 8.241ff. · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Isa 40:4 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.3 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:4 | Arabic Pentateuch fragment II · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, medium confidence | unknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena) |
| Isa 40:4 | Against Marcion 5.3 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:4 | Against Marcion 5.4 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:4 | Fragments on Luke, column 327 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 40:4–5 | Commentary on John 6.138 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Isa 40:4 | Homily on Luke 22 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Isa 40:4 | Lines 957–978 · Commodian | allusion, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Isa 40:4 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.206 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Isa 40:4 | Prophetic Extracts 4.17 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 40:4 | Demonstration of the Gospel 9.5.3 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 40:4 | Oration to the Assembly of the Saints 18.4 · Constantine the Great | echo, medium confidence | ca. 325 (dated variously 317–325) |
| Isa 40:4 | Book 1, lines 296–322 · Juvencus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 330 |
| Isa 40:4–5 | Demonstration 16.6 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Isa 40:4 | Question 121, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Isa 40:4 | Homilies on Matthew 10.3 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Isa 40:4 | Homily 1 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Isa 40:4 | Homily 5 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Isa 40:4 | Sermon 250.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:4 | Poem 6, lines 286–318 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Isa 40:4 | Poem 17, lines 57–88 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Isa 40:4 | Letters 5.18 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Isa 40:4 | Letters 32.2 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Isa 40:4 | Confessions 9.7 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Isa 40:4 | City of God 18.23 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, medium confidence | 413–426 |
| Isa 40:4 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 8 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
| Isa 40:4 | Book 4, lines 1–26 · Sedulius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 40:4 | Book 4, section 1 · Sedulius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 40:4 | The Conferences 24.25 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Isa 40:4 | Book 1, chapter 9 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 440-450 |
Isaiah 40:5
And the glory of the LORD will be revealed, and all humanity together will see it.” For the mouth of the LORD has spoken.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:5 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.3 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:5 | Didascalia 5.7–9 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Isa 40:5 | On the Resurrection of the Flesh 10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 208–212 |
| Isa 40:5 | On the Resurrection of the Flesh 59 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 208–212 |
| Isa 40:5 | Commentary on Matthew 17.29 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Isa 40:5 | Commentary on Romans 2.13 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 40:5 | Res. 3.20 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 40:5 | Prophetic Extracts 4.17 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 40:5 | Demonstration of the Gospel 9.5.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 40:5 | Demonstration of the Gospel 9.5.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 40:5 | Demonstration of the Gospel 9.5.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 40:5 | Against Arius 3.3 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Isa 40:5 | Commentary on Romans 3:19 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Isa 40:5 | Commentary on Romans 8:10 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Isa 40:5 | Letter 140.12 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Isa 40:5 | Homilies on Matthew 10.3 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Isa 40:5 | Sermon 153.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:5 | Sermon 277.16 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:5 | On Continence 11 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 395 |
| Isa 40:5 | On the Trinity 2.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 399–419 |
| Isa 40:5 | City of God 22.29 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | 413–426 |
| Isa 40:5 | The Conferences 4.10 · John Cassian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Isaiah 40:6
A voice says, “Cry out!” And I asked, “What should I cry out?” “All flesh is like grass, and all its glory like the flowers of the field.
Isaiah 40:7
The grass withers and the flowers fall when the breath of the LORD blows on them; indeed, the people are grass.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:7 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.4 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:7 | Miscellanies 4.26.163 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:7 | On Prayer 17.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Isa 40:7 | On the Dress of Virgins 6 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 249 |
| Isa 40:7 | Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 40:7 | Homilies 20.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Isa 40:7 | Homilies 21.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Isa 40:7 | Letter 140.9 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 40:7 | Hexameron (Exameron) 3.30 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Isa 40:7 | Letters 40.2 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Isaiah 40:8
The grass withers and the flowers fall, but the word of our God stands forever.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:8 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.4 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:8 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 40:8 | Miscellanies 3.17.103 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:8 | Miscellanies 4.26.163 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:8 | Against Marcion 4.33 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:8 | Against Marcion 4.39 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:8 | Against Praxeas 27 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Isa 40:8 | On Prayer 17.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Isa 40:8 | On the Dress of Virgins 6 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 249 |
| Isa 40:8 | Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 40:8 | Vit. 6 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 40:8 | Oration II Against the Arians 36 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Isa 40:8 | Letter to the Africans 2 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 369 |
| Isa 40:8 | Eleven Tractates 7.115 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Isa 40:8 | Eleven Tractates 10.128 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Isa 40:8 | Exposition of Psalm 118 2.5.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Isa 40:8 | Sermon 187.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:8 | Sermon 301.9 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:8 | Sermon 366.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 40:8 | Letters 25.6 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Isa 40:8 | Confessions 11.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Isa 40:8 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 7.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Isa 40:8 | Book 2, chapter 29 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 440-450 |
Isaiah 40:9
Go up on a high mountain, O Zion, herald of good news. Raise your voice loudly, O Jerusalem, herald of good news. Lift it up, do not be afraid! Say to the cities of Judah, “Here is your God!”
Isaiah 40:10
Behold, the Lord GOD comes with might, and His arm establishes His rule. His reward is with Him, and His recompense accompanies Him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:10 | 1 Clement 34.3 · Clement of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Isa 40:10 | Epistle of Barnabas 21.3 · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 40:10 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.4 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:10 | Miscellanies 4.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:10 | Miscellanies 4.26.171 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:10 | Commentary on John 13.298 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Isa 40:10 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 42 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | 235 |
| Isa 40:10 | Homilies on Numbers 15.4 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Isa 40:10 | Apostolic Church Order 14 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 300 |
| Isa 40:10 | Prophetic Extracts 4.18 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 40:10 | Catechetical Lecture 12.9 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 40:10 | Homilies on the Psalms 32.10 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Isa 40:10 | Letter 216.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386–430 |
Isaiah 40:11
He tends His flock like a shepherd; He gathers the lambs in His arms and carries them close to His heart. He gently leads the nursing ewes.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:11 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.4 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:11 | The Instructor 1.5.15 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 40:11 | Prophetic Extracts 4.18 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 40:11 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.20.9 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Isaiah 40:12
Who has measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, or marked off the heavens with the span of his hand? Who has held the dust of the earth in a basket, or weighed the mountains on a scale and the hills with a balance?
Isaiah 40:13
Who has directed the Spirit of the LORD, or informed Him as His counselor?
Isaiah 40:14
Whom did He consult to enlighten Him, and who taught Him the paths of justice? Who imparted knowledge to Him and showed Him the way of understanding?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:14 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.5 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:14 | Against Marcion 2.2 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
Isaiah 40:15
Surely the nations are like a drop in a bucket; they are considered a speck of dust on the scales; He lifts up the islands like fine dust.
Isaiah 40:16
Lebanon is not sufficient for fuel, nor its animals enough for a burnt offering.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:16 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.5 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:16 | Symposium 9.3 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
Isaiah 40:17
All the nations are as nothing before Him; He regards them as nothingness and emptiness.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:17 | Dialogue with Trypho 50.5 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 40:17 | Against Heresies 5.29.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Isa 40:17 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.3.19 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Isa 40:17 | Letter 98.18 · Jerome | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Isaiah 40:18
To whom will you liken God? To what image will you compare Him?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:18 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 40:18 | Miscellanies 5.14.108 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:18 | Miscellanies 5.14.117 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:18 | Against Marcion 1.4 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:18 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.13.35 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 40:18 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.13.43 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 40:18 | Letters to Serapion 4.22 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Isa 40:18 | Oration 2.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 40:18 | Letter 98.17 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Isaiah 40:19
To an idol that a craftsman casts and a metalworker overlays with gold and fits with silver chains?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:19 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 40:19 | Miscellanies 5.14.117 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 40:19 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.13.43 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Isaiah 40:22
He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth; its dwellers are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to dwell in.
Isaiah 40:25
“To whom will you liken Me, or who is My equal?” asks the Holy One.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:25 | Against Marcion 1.4 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 40:25 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.13.35 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 40:25 | On the Orthodox Faith against the Arians 5 · Gregory of Elvira | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-392 |
| Isa 40:25 | Book of Heresies 93.5 · Philastrius of Brescia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380s |
Isaiah 40:26
Lift up your eyes on high: Who created all these? He leads forth the starry host by number; He calls each one by name. Because of His great power and mighty strength, not one of them is missing.
Isaiah 40:27
Why do you say, O Jacob, and why do you assert, O Israel, “My way is hidden from the LORD, and my claim is ignored by my God”?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:27 | Homilies 18.17 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
Isaiah 40:28
Do you not know? Have you not heard? The LORD is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary; His understanding is beyond searching out.
Isaiah 40:29
He gives power to the faint and increases the strength of the weak.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:29 | On the Decrees of Nicaea 7 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350–356 |
| Isa 40:29 | Letters 5.17 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Isaiah 40:31
But those who wait upon the LORD will renew their strength; they will mount up with wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not faint.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 40:31 | Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Isa 40:31 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.107 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Isa 40:31 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 46 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Isa 40:31 | Tractates on the Psalms 138.24 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Isa 40:31 | Oration 40.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 40:31 | Liber Orsiesii 46 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Isa 40:31 | Letter 198.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Isa 40:31 | Letter 199.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Isa 40:31 | Poem 24, lines 859–890 · Paulinus of Nola | echo, medium confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Isa 40:31 | Letters 5.18 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |