Luke 15 in the early church
505 passages quote, allude to, or echo Luke 15, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32
Luke 15:1
Now all the tax collectors and sinners were gathering around to listen to Jesus.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:1 | On Modesty 9 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:1–4 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 52 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Luke 15:1 | Letter 21.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:1–2 | Letter 121.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:1–7 | Sermon 168 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Luke 15:2
So the Pharisees and scribes began to grumble: “This man welcomes sinners and eats with them.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:2 | On Modesty 7 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:2 | PG 12:1287 (Ps 27 LXX) · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Luke 15:2 | Letter 21.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:2 | Part 2, chapter 9 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Luke 15:3
Then Jesus told them this parable:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:3–10 | Against Marcion 4.32 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
Luke 15:4
“What man among you, if he has a hundred sheep and loses one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the pasture and go after the one that is lost, until he finds it?
Luke 15:5
And when he finds it, he joyfully puts it on his shoulders,
Luke 15:6
comes home, and calls together his friends and neighbors to tell them, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found my lost sheep!’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:6 | Against Heresies 3.23.8 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Luke 15:6 | Acts of Thomas 41 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | ca. 200–250 |
| Luke 15:6 | Letter 21.38 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:6 | Sermon 254.6 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
Luke 15:7
I tell you that in the same way there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous ones who do not need to repent.
Luke 15:8
Or what woman who has ten silver coins and loses one of them does not light a lamp, sweep her house, and search carefully until she finds it?
Luke 15:9
And when she finds it, she calls together her friends and neighbors to say, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found my lost coin.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:9 | On Modesty 7 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:9 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.14 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:9 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:9 | Oration 38.14 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Luke 15:9 | On Virginity 12 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–371 |
| Luke 15:9 | Letter 21.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:9 | Letter 21.38 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:9 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 7.21 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
Luke 15:10
In the same way, I tell you, there is joy in the presence of God’s angels over one sinner who repents.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:10 | Who Is the Rich Man That Is Saved? 39.3 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–210 |
| Luke 15:10 | Miscellanies 2.15.69 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Luke 15:10 | Fragments on Proverbs, column 205 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Luke 15:10 | PG 12:1203 (Ps 12 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Luke 15:10 | PG 12:1367 (Ps 37 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Luke 15:10 | Homilies on Leviticus 1.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Luke 15:10 | Homilies on Numbers 23.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Luke 15:10 | Letter 75.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Luke 15:10 | Against Novatian 18 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | after 251 (disputed) |
| Luke 15:10 | Homilies 14.8 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Luke 15:10 | Demonstration 14.31 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Luke 15:10 | Tractates on the Psalms 13.6 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Luke 15:10 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:10 | Commentary on Ephesians 4:30 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Luke 15:10 | Letter 21.3 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:10 | Letter 21.26 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:10 | Letter 77.11 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:10 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:10 | Apostolic Canon 52 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Luke 15:10 | Exposition of Psalm 118 12.43.3 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Luke 15:10 | Exposition of Psalm 118 14.42.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Luke 15:10 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.3.3 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Luke 15:10 | Homilies on Matthew 69.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| Luke 15:10 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.32.4 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Luke 15:10 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 40.7.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
Luke 15:11
Then Jesus said, “There was a man who had two sons.
Luke 15:12
The younger son said to him, ‘Father, give me my share of the estate.’ So he divided his property between them.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:12 | Address of Thanksgiving 16 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–245 |
| Luke 15:12 | Against Arius 1.59 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Luke 15:12 | Against Arius 2.6 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Luke 15:12 | Commentary on Romans 8:17 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Luke 15:12 | Letter 21.5 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:12 | Letter 21.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:12 | Sermon 174.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Luke 15:12–13 | Sermon 161 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Luke 15:13
After a few days, the younger son got everything together and journeyed to a distant country, where he squandered his wealth in wild living.
Luke 15:14
After he had spent all he had, a severe famine swept through that country, and he began to be in need.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:14 | Letter 21.10 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:14 | Homily 2 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 379–394 |
| Luke 15:14 | Confessions 2.18 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
Luke 15:15
So he went and hired himself out to a citizen of that country, who sent him into his fields to feed the pigs.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:15 | On Modesty 9 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:15 | Address of Thanksgiving 16 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–245 |
| Luke 15:15 | Sermon on Baptism 1 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:15 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:15 | Letter 21.11 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:15 | Letter 21.12 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:15 | On the Complaints of Job and David 1.6 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 383-390 |
| Luke 15:15–20 | Sermon 177.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Luke 15:15 | Letters 35.1 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Luke 15:16
He longed to fill his belly with the pods the pigs were eating, but no one would give him a thing.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:16 | Address of Thanksgiving 16 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–245 |
| Luke 15:16 | Sermon on Baptism 1 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:16 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:16 | Letter 21.13 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:16 | Letter 147.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:16 | Letters 15.4 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Luke 15:16 | On Christian Doctrine 3.7 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427 |
| Luke 15:16 | Confessions 3.11 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Luke 15:16 | The Conferences 11.7 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Luke 15:16–22 | Part 4, chapter 14 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Luke 15:17
Finally he came to his senses and said, ‘How many of my father’s hired servants have plenty of food, but here I am, starving to death!
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:17 | On the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia 32 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | 359 (additions 361) |
| Luke 15:17 | Letter 21.14 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:17 | On the Lord's Prayer 1183 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–394 |
| Luke 15:17 | City of God 11.28 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Luke 15:17 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 5 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
| Luke 15:17–19 | Sermon 2 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Luke 15:17 | Retractations 1.7 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 426-427 |
| Luke 15:17 | The Conferences 11.7 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Luke 15:18
I will get up and go back to my father and say to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.
Luke 15:19
I am no longer worthy to be called your son. Make me like one of your hired servants.”’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:19 | Miscellanies 4.6.30 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Luke 15:19 | Oration 40.12 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Luke 15:19 | Letter 21.16 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:19 | Letter 21.17 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:19 | Letters 35.1 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Luke 15:19 | The Conferences 11.7 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Luke 15:20
So he got up and went to his father. But while he was still in the distance, his father saw him and was filled with compassion. He ran to his son, embraced him, and kissed him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:20 | Who Is the Rich Man That Is Saved? 39.2 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–210 |
| Luke 15:20 | On Patience 12 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–206 |
| Luke 15:20 | PG 12:1473 (Ps 57–59 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Luke 15:20 | Homilies on Jeremiah 18.9 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240 |
| Luke 15:20 | Commentary on Matthew 15.37 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter to Zenas and Serenus 3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 4th century (disputed) |
| Luke 15:20 | Divine Institutes 6.24.3 · Lactantius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Luke 15:20 | Catechetical Lecture 16.30 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Luke 15:20 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 11.3 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 16.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 21.18 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 21.19 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 21.20 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 21.21 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 140.7 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Letter 145.5 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:20 | Apostolic Constitutions 8.9.9 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Luke 15:20 | Exposition of Psalm 118 15.31.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Luke 15:20 | Homilies on Matthew 22.5 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Luke 15:20 | Confessions 1.28 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Luke 15:20–22 | Commentary on Jeremiah 1.63 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Luke 15:20–24 | Sermon 3 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Luke 15:20 | Sermon 64 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Luke 15:20 | The Conferences 11.7 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Luke 15:20–24 | Part 2, chapter 17 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Luke 15:21
The son declared, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:21 | Exhortation to the Greeks 1.6 · Clement of Alexandria | echo, low confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Luke 15:21 | On Repentance 8 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–206 |
| Luke 15:21 | Demonstration 7.23 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Luke 15:21 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.15.12 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Luke 15:21 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 12 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Luke 15:21 | Letter 21.22 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:21 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:21 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.41.1 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Luke 15:21–22 | On the Lord's Prayer 1145 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–394 |
| Luke 15:21 | On the Complaints of Job and David 3.12 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 383-390 |
Luke 15:22
But the father said to his servants, ‘Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet.
Luke 15:23
Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Let us feast and celebrate.
Luke 15:24
For this son of mine was dead and is alive again! He was lost and is found!’ So they began to celebrate.
Luke 15:25
Meanwhile the older son was in the field, and as he approached the house, he heard music and dancing.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:25 | Commentary on Matthew 14.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Luke 15:25 | Tractates on the Psalms 149.2 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Luke 15:25 | Letter 21.28 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:25 | Letter 21.29 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:25 | Exposition of Psalm 118 7.26.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Luke 15:25–32 | Sermon 4 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Luke 15:25–32 | Sermon on the Barbarian Time 6 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Luke 15:26
So he called one of the servants and asked what was going on.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:26 | Letter 21.30 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Luke 15:27
‘Your brother has returned,’ he said, ‘and your father has killed the fattened calf, because he has him back safe and sound.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:27 | Letter 21.31 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Luke 15:28
The older son became angry and refused to go in. So his father came out and pleaded with him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:28 | On Modesty 9 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:28 | Letter 21.32 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:28 | Letter 21.33 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:28 | Exposition of Psalm 118 7.26.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Luke 15:29
But he answered his father, ‘Look, all these years I have served you and never disobeyed a commandment of yours. Yet you never gave me even a young goat so I could celebrate with my friends.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:29 | Against Heresies 4.36.7 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Luke 15:29 | On Modesty 8 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:29 | Letter 21.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:29 | Letter 21.28 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:29 | Letter 21.34 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:29 | Letter 21.35 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:29 | Homilies on Matthew 64.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
Luke 15:30
But when this son of yours returns from squandering your wealth with prostitutes, you kill the fattened calf for him!’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:30 | Letter 21.34 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:30 | Letter 21.36 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:30 | Confessions 4.30 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
Luke 15:31
‘Son, you are always with me,’ the father said, ‘and all that is mine is yours.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke 15:31 | On Modesty 8 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Luke 15:31 | Letter 21.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:31 | Letter 21.34 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:31 | Letter 21.37 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Luke 15:31–32 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.41.3 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Luke 15:31 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 100.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Luke 15:31 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 107.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
Luke 15:32
But it was fitting to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.’”