Romans 13 in the early church
465 passages quote, allude to, or echo Romans 13, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14
Romans 13:1
Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which is from God. The authorities that exist have been appointed by God.
Romans 13:2
Consequently, whoever resists authority is opposing what God has set in place, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:2 | Against Heresies 4.36.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:2 | Commentary on Romans 9.26 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:2 | Letter 227 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Rom 13:2 | Commentary on Romans 4:4 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:2 | Commentary on Romans 13:2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:2 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 40.4.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Rom 13:2 | Letter 87.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:2 | Letter 93.20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:2 | Letter 153.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:2 | Sermon 62.13 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:2–3 | Sermon 358.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:2 | Homily 20.1 on Ephesians · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 392-397 |
Romans 13:3
For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Do you want to be unafraid of the one in authority? Then do what is right, and you will have his approval.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:3 | Martyrdom of Andrew (first Greek martyrdom), chapter 10 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | ca. 150-200 (the Acts); the Martyrdom text is later |
| Rom 13:3 | The Instructor 1.9.82 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rom 13:3 | Against Heresies 4.36.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on Daniel 3.21-23 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 202-204 |
| Rom 13:3 | Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting 14 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 211–213 |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on Romans 3.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on Romans 9.25 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on Romans 9.26 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:3 | To Quirinus 3.38 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rom 13:3 | Letter 289 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Rom 13:3–4 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 79 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 13:3 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 2.5 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on 2 Corinthians 13:8 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:3 | Commentary on Romans 13:3 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:3 | Question 69, section 4 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rom 13:3 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 40.4.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Rom 13:3–4 | On Cain and Abel 2.15 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 375-378 |
| Rom 13:3 | Letter 87.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:3 | Letter 93.20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:3 | Letter 153.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:3–4 | Sermon 302.11 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:3 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 5.12 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
Romans 13:4
For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not carry the sword in vain. He is God’s servant, an agent of retribution to the wrongdoer.
Romans 13:5
Therefore it is necessary to submit to authority, not only to avoid punishment, but also as a matter of conscience.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:5 | Against Heresies 4.36.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:5 | Commentary on Romans 9.29 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:5 | Commentary on Romans 9.30 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:5 | Commentary on Romans 13:5 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:5 | Letter 153.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:5 | Homilies on Matthew 16.11 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 13:5 | Commentary on Jeremiah 5.51 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Romans 13:6
This is also why you pay taxes. For the authorities are God’s servants, who devote themselves to their work.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:6 | Against Heresies 4.36.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:6 | Against Heresies 5.24.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:6 | Against Heresies 5.24.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:6 | Commentary on Romans 9.29 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:6 | Commentary on Romans 13:6 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:6 | Letter 153.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:6–8 | On Christian Doctrine 4.20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427 |
| Rom 13:6–7 | Against the Letter of Parmenian 1.16 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 400 |
Romans 13:7
Pay everyone what you owe him: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:7 | First Apology 17 · Justin Martyr | echo, medium confidence | ca. 150–155 |
| Rom 13:7 | Oration to the Greeks 4 · Tatian | echo, medium confidence | ca. 165–172 |
| Rom 13:7 | To Autolycus 3.14 · Theophilus of Antioch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Rom 13:7 | 9 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 180 (17 July) |
| Rom 13:7 | 9 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | Greek rendering of the Latin Passion; date uncertain |
| Rom 13:7 | Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting 14 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 211–213 |
| Rom 13:7 | Commentary on John 20.338 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 13:7 | Commentary on John 20.342 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 13:7 | On Prayer 28.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Rom 13:7 | Homily on Luke 23 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Rom 13:7 | Homily on Luke 35 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Rom 13:7 | Homilies on Jeremiah 14.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240 |
| Rom 13:7 | Commentary on Romans 2.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:7 | Commentary on Romans 9.30 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:7–8 | To Quirinus 3.5 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rom 13:7 | Church History 4.15.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 300–325 |
| Rom 13:7–8 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 31 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 13:7 | Oration 19.11 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:7 | Oration 34.8 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:7–8 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 3.4 · Optatus of Milevis | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Rom 13:7 | Commentary on Romans 13:6 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:7–8 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.46.1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 13:7 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.16.1 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 13:7 | Eleven Tractates 10.131 · Priscillian | echo, low confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Rom 13:7 | Letter 153.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:7 | Homilies on Matthew 70.2 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 13:7 | On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 1.30 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, low confidence | ca. 387–389 |
| Rom 13:7 | Sermon 37.25 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:7 | Sermon 259.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:7 | Letters 44.4 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 13:7 | On Catechizing the Uninstructed 21 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–405 |
| Rom 13:7 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.8.12 · Orosius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
Romans 13:8
Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love. For he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.
Romans 13:9
The commandments “Do not commit adultery,” “Do not murder,” “Do not steal,” “Do not covet,” and any other commandments, are summed up in this one decree: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:9 | Miscellanies 4.3.10 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:9 | Miscellanies 7.16.105 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:9 | Against Marcion 5.14 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Rom 13:9 | On Prayer 11.2 · Origen | allusion, low confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Rom 13:9 | Homilies on Numbers 6.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.73 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Matthew 15.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Matthew 15.14 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Romans 9.31 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:9 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 69 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| Rom 13:9 | Sermon on Baptism 2 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Galatians 5.14 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–363 |
| Rom 13:9 | Commentary on Romans 13:8–9 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:9 | Letter 132.16 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 13:9 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.21.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:9 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.21.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:9–10 | Letter 167.16 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:9 | Letter 196.16 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:9–10 | On Christian Doctrine 1.30 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427 |
| Rom 13:9 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 15.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rom 13:9 | On the Spirit and the Letter 29 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 412 |
| Rom 13:9 | On the Spirit and the Letter 36 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 412 |
| Rom 13:9 | On Grace and Free Will 17 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426 |
Romans 13:10
Love does no wrong to its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.
Romans 13:11
And do this, understanding the occasion. The hour has come for you to wake up from your slumber, for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed.
Romans 13:12
The night is nearly over; the day has drawn near. So let us lay aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:12 | The Instructor 2.4.40 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rom 13:12 | Miscellanies 4.22.141 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:12 | PG 12:1167 (Ps 4–5 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:12 | PG 12:1483 (Ps 61–62 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:12 | PG 12:1601 (Ps 118 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:12 | PG 12:1675 (Ps 149–150 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on John 2.158 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on Exodus 5.5 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on Joshua 11.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on Leviticus 4.4 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:12–14 | On the Good of Modesty 13 · Novatian | echo, low confidence | mid-3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.139 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Rom 13:12 | To Vigilius, on Jewish Unbelief 5 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 59 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 87 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 113 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Matthew 11.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Matthew 12.37 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Romans 9.32 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Romans 9.34 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:12–13 | On Jealousy and Envy 10 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 256 |
| Rom 13:12 | Demonstration 7.7 · Aphrahat | echo, low confidence | 337-345 |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on the Psalms 45.4 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Rom 13:12 | Tractates on the Psalms 133.5 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Rom 13:12 | Oration 35.2 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:12 | Tractates 2.45.1 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Rom 13:12 | Commentary on Romans 13:12 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letter 60.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letter 100.5 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 13:12 | Book of Rules 5 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 13:12 | Canons on the Letters of Paul 6 · Priscillian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–400 |
| Rom 13:12 | On the Complaints of Job and David 3.24 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 383-390 |
| Rom 13:12 | Exposition of Psalm 118 14.12.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:12 | Exposition of Psalm 118 15.35.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on Matthew 10.5 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 13:12 | Homilies on Matthew 56.5 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rom 13:12–13 | Hexameron (Exameron) 1.38 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rom 13:12 | Hexameron (Exameron) 4.32 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rom 13:12 | On Joseph 61 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rom 13:12 | On the Blessings of the Patriarchs 28 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-392 |
| Rom 13:12 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 38.25.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rom 13:12 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.6.5 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rom 13:12 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 45.14.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rom 13:12 | Sermon 190.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:12 | Sermon 221.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:12–13 | Sermon 366.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letters 23.18 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letters 24.14 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letters 40.5 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 13:12 | Letters 40.10 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Rom 13:12–14 | On Christian Doctrine 4.20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427 |
| Rom 13:12 | Literal Commentary on Genesis 4.23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–415 |
| Rom 13:12 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 35.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Rom 13:12 | Chapter 1 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Romans 13:13
Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:13 | The Instructor 2.4.40 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rom 13:13 | Against Heresies 4.37.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rom 13:13 | Miscellanies 3.7.58 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:13 | Miscellanies 4.26.171 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:13 | On Fasting 9 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Rom 13:13 | On Fasting 17 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Rom 13:13 | PG 12:1601 (Ps 118 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:13 | PG 12:1675 (Ps 149–150 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:13 | Fragment on 1 Corinthians (Jenkins § 39, part 1) · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 226-254 |
| Rom 13:13 | Homilies on Joshua 11.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:13 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.11 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.139 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Rom 13:13 | To Vigilius, on Jewish Unbelief 5 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 59 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 60 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 87 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 113 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Matthew 12.37 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Romans 9.32 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Romans 9.33 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:13 | Tractates on the Psalms 133.5 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Rom 13:13 | Oration 5.35 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:13 | Oration 6.3 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:13 | Oration 38.5 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:13 | Oration 40.37 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:13 | Hexaemeron 2.8 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370 |
| Rom 13:13 | Commentary on Romans 13:13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:13 | Book of Rules 5 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rom 13:13 | Eleven Tractates 5.85 · Priscillian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Rom 13:13 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.45 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Rom 13:13 | Exposition of Psalm 118 5.32.2 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:13 | Exposition of Psalm 118 14.12.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:13–14 | Letter 22.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:13 | On Elijah and Fasting 81 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rom 13:13 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.23.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rom 13:13 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 45.14.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rom 13:13 | Sermon 49.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:13 | Sermon 190.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:13 | Sermon 205.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:13 | Sermon 230.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:13–14 | Confessions 8.29 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Rom 13:13 | Literal Commentary on Genesis 4.23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–415 |
| Rom 13:13 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 35.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
Romans 13:14
Instead, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the desires of the flesh.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rom 13:14 | The Instructor 3.11.56 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rom 13:14 | Miscellanies 3.7.58 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Rom 13:14 | On First Principles 2.3.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rom 13:14 | Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 4 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:14 | PG 12:1651 (Ps 135–136 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on Exodus 9.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on Ezekiel 6.8 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on Leviticus 6.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on Numbers 25.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 1.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 72 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Matthew 17.16 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Romans 4.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Romans 6.14 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Romans 7.11 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Romans 9.34 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rom 13:14 | On the Dress of Virgins 13 · Cyprian of Carthage | echo, medium confidence | ca. 249 |
| Rom 13:14 | Long recension, Tarsians 8 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | later 4th century (probable) |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies on the Psalms 44.11 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Rom 13:14 | Oration 5.29 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Rom 13:14 | Homilies 22.6 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Ephesians 4:23–24 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:14 | Commentary on Romans 13:13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Rom 13:14 | Letter 22.38 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 13:14 | Letter 38.3 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rom 13:14 | On the Christian Faith 3.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Rom 13:14 | On Tobit 74 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Rom 13:14 | Book of Heresies 116.3 · Philastrius of Brescia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Rom 13:14 | On the Life of Moses 411 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Rom 13:14 | Letter 10, canons of the Roman synod to the bishops of Gaul, chapter 5 · Siricius, bishop of Rome | quotation, high confidence | 385 |
| Rom 13:14 | Letter 10, canons of the Roman synod to the bishops of Gaul, chapter 6 · Siricius, bishop of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | 385 |
| Rom 13:14 | Exposition of Psalm 118 14.12.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rom 13:14 | Letter 130.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rom 13:14 | On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 2.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387–389 |
| Rom 13:14 | Homily 1 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Rom 13:14 | Homily 9 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Rom 13:14 | Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Rom 13:14 | Sermon 166.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:14 | Sermon 205.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:14 | Sermon 230.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rom 13:14 | Against Jovinianus 1.37 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | 393 |
| Rom 13:14 | Against Jovinianus 2.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | 393 |
| Rom 13:14 | Apologetic Book 31.3 · Orosius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 415–416 |
| Rom 13:14 | The Institutes 1.9 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
| Rom 13:14 | The Institutes 5.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
| Rom 13:14 | The Institutes 10.21 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
| Rom 13:14 | The Conferences 5.19 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |