Exodus 32 in the early church
299 passages quote, allude to, or echo Exodus 32, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 4 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35
Exodus 32:1
Now when the people saw that Moses was delayed in coming down from the mountain, they gathered around Aaron and said, “Come, make us gods who will go before us. As for this Moses who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him!”
Exodus 32:2
So Aaron told them, “Take off the gold earrings that are on your wives and sons and daughters, and bring them to me.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:2 | The Instructor 2.12.126 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exod 32:2–4 | Against the Jews 1 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 197–207 |
| Exod 32:2 | Homilies on Exodus 13.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 32:2–4 | Against Novatian 1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | after 251 (disputed) |
| Exod 32:2 | Apology of the Prophet David 17 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 384-390 |
| Exod 32:2–4 | On the Life of Moses 395 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:2 | City of God 14.11 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
Exodus 32:4
He took the gold from their hands, and with an engraving tool he fashioned it into a molten calf. And they said, “These, O Israel, are your gods, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt!”
Exodus 32:6
So the next day they arose, offered burnt offerings, and presented peace offerings. And the people sat down to eat and drink and got up to indulge in revelry.
Exodus 32:7
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go down at once, for your people, whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:7 | 1 Clement 53.2 · Clement of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Exod 32:7 | Epistle of Barnabas 4.8 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Exod 32:7 | Epistle of Barnabas 14.3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Exod 32:7 | Commentary on John 10.79 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Exod 32:7 | Demonstration of the Gospel 8.2.10 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Exod 32:7–10 | Part 2, chapter 4 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 32:8
How quickly they have turned aside from the way that I commanded them! They have made for themselves a molten calf and have bowed down to it. They have sacrificed to it and said, ‘These, O Israel, are your gods, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:8 | 1 Clement 53.2 · Clement of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Exod 32:8 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 6 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | 235 |
Exodus 32:9
The LORD also said to Moses, “I have seen this people, and they are indeed a stiff-necked people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:9 | Tractates on the Psalms 128.8 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Exod 32:9 | Question 44, section 9 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
Exodus 32:10
Now leave Me alone, so that My anger may burn against them and consume them. Then I will make you into a great nation.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:10 | 1 Clement 53.3 · Clement of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Exod 32:10 | Against Marcion 2.26 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Exod 32:10 | Demonstration 16.4 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 32:10 | Letter 128.5 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 32:10 | Letter 129.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 32:10–14 | On the Life of Moses 429 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:10 | Homilies on Matthew 35.4 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Exod 32:10 | Sermon 88.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 32:10–13 | Exodus, lines 1167–1192 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Exod 32:10 | Commentary on Jeremiah 2.37 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Exod 32:10 | Commentary on Jeremiah 3.42 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Exod 32:10 | Commentary on Jeremiah 3.70 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Exod 32:10 | Commentary on Jeremiah 5.54 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Exodus 32:11
But Moses sought the favor of the LORD his God, saying, “O LORD, why does Your anger burn against Your people, whom You brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and a mighty hand?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:11 | On Prayer 14.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Exod 32:11 | On the Good of Patience 10 · Cyprian of Carthage | allusion, medium confidence | 256 |
| Exod 32:11–14 | Demonstration 4.7 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 32:11–14 | Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 32:11 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.23 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:11 | Sermon 88.24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 32:11 | Sermon 254.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 32:11 | Poem 26, lines 195–226 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
Exodus 32:14
So the LORD relented from the calamity He had threatened to bring on His people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:14 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.23 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:14 | Homilies on Matthew 5.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Exod 32:14 | Poem 26, lines 195–226 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Exod 32:14–24 | Exodus, lines 1193–1217 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 32:15
Then Moses turned and went down the mountain with the two tablets of the Testimony in his hands. They were inscribed on both sides, front and back.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:15 | Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 2 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | 380 |
| Exod 32:15–16 | On the Life of Moses 391 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 32:16
The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:16 | Miscellanies 6.16.133 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 32:16 | Commentary on Daniel 3.14 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 202-204 |
Exodus 32:17
When Joshua heard the sound of the people shouting, he said to Moses, “The sound of war is in the camp.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:17 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.23 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:17–19 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 5.4 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
Exodus 32:18
But Moses replied: “It is neither the cry of victory nor the cry of defeat; I hear the sound of singing!”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:18 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.23 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:18 | On the Life of Moses 397 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 32:19
As Moses approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, he burned with anger and threw the tablets out of his hands, shattering them at the base of the mountain.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:19 | Epistle of Barnabas 4.8 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Exod 32:19 | Epistle of Barnabas 14.3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Exod 32:19 | The Instructor 3.12.94 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exod 32:19 | Instructions 1.38 · Commodian | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Exod 32:19 | Against Celsus 1.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Exod 32:19 | Commentary on Romans 2.13 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 32:19 | Homilies 1.5 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Exod 32:19 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 7.1 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Exod 32:19 | Commentary on 2 Corinthians 3:3 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Exod 32:19 | Question 44, section 3 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Exod 32:19 | On Noah 45 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378-384 |
| Exod 32:19–20 | Book of Heresies 147.4 · Philastrius of Brescia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Exod 32:19 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 3.7 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
| Exod 32:19 | On the Life of Moses 371 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:19–20 | On the Life of Moses 393 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:19 | Letter 29.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Exod 32:19 | On Elijah and Fasting 16 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Exod 32:19 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 1.5.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Exod 32:19 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 22.93 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Exodus 32:20
Then he took the calf they had made, burned it in the fire, ground it to powder, and scattered the powder over the face of the water. Then he forced the Israelites to drink it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:20 | On the Dress of Women 2.13 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 197–206 |
| Exod 32:20 | Demonstration 4.7 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 32:20 | Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Exod 32:20 | Oration 45.15 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Exod 32:20 | Letter 64.2 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 32:20 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 5.6 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
| Exod 32:20 | Homily 7 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Exod 32:20 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 22.93 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Exodus 32:21
“What did this people do to you,” Moses asked Aaron, “that you have led them into so great a sin?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:21–24 | Demonstration 7.15 · Aphrahat | allusion, medium confidence | 337-345 |
Exodus 32:24
So I said to them, ‘Whoever has gold, let him take it off,’ and they gave it to me. And when I threw it into the fire, out came this calf!”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:24 | Letter to Rufinianus 1 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–373 |
Exodus 32:25
Moses saw that the people were out of control, for Aaron had let them run wild and become a laughingstock to their enemies.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:25–33 | Exodus, lines 1218–1241 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 32:26
So Moses stood at the entrance to the camp and said, “Whoever is for the LORD, come to me.” And all the Levites gathered around him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:26–29 | On Not Sparing Those Who Sin against God 1 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Exod 32:26 | Oration 34.9 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Exod 32:26–28 | On the Life of Moses 393 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:26 | On the Life of Moses 393 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:26 | On Elijah and Fasting 81 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Exod 32:26 | Celestine, ACO I.2, letter 9.2 · Celestine I, bishop of Rome | allusion, high confidence | 430-432 |
| Exod 32:26–28 | Sermon on the Barbarian Time 4 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
| Exod 32:26–29 | Part 2, chapter 4 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 32:27
He told them, “This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Each of you men is to fasten his sword to his side, go back and forth through the camp from gate to gate, and slay his brother, his friend, and his neighbor.’”
Exodus 32:28
The Levites did as Moses commanded, and that day about three thousand of the people fell dead.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:28 | Arabic Pentateuch fragment XIV (on Num 1) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | unknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena) |
| Exod 32:28 | Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting 3 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 211–213 |
| Exod 32:28 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 3.7 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Exod 32:28 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 7.6 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Exod 32:28 | Question 102, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Exod 32:28 | Letter 43.24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Exod 32:28 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 22.79 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Exodus 32:29
Afterward, Moses said, “Today you have been ordained for service to the LORD, since each man went against his son and his brother; so the LORD has bestowed a blessing on you this day.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:29 | Homilies 10.6 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Exod 32:29 | Homilies 14.8 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Exod 32:29 | On the Life of Moses 395 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 32:30
The next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a great sin. Now I will go up to the LORD; perhaps I can make atonement for your sin.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:30–32 | Against Vigilantius 6 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 406 |
Exodus 32:31
So Moses returned to the LORD and said, “Oh, what a great sin these people have committed! They have made gods of gold for themselves.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:31 | Miscellanies 4.19.118 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 32:31–33 | To Quirinus 1.1 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Exod 32:31 | On the Lapsed 19 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 251 |
| Exod 32:31–33 | To Fortunatus 4 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 253 or 257 |
| Exod 32:31–32 | On the Life of Moses 429 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 32:31–32 | Sermon 10.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 32:31 | Enchiridion (Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Love) 44 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 421–423 |
| Exod 32:31 | The Conferences 9.18 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Exod 32:31 | The Conferences 17.25 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Exod 32:31–32 | Part 2, chapter 4 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 32:32
Yet now, if You would only forgive their sin.... But if not, please blot me out of the book that You have written.”
Exodus 32:33
The LORD replied to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will blot out of My book.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:33 | The Instructor 1.7.57 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exod 32:33 | On the Lapsed 19 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 251 |
| Exod 32:33 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.23 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:33 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 5 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Exod 32:33 | Commentary on Romans 9:11–13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Exod 32:33 | The Conferences 17.25 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Exodus 32:34
Now go, lead the people to the place I described. Behold, My angel shall go before you. But on the day I settle accounts, I will punish them for their sin.”
Exodus 32:35
And the LORD sent a plague on the people because of what they had done with the calf that Aaron had made.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 32:35 | Letters to Serapion 4.16 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Exod 32:35 | On the Governance of God 1.48 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |