John 18 in the early church
278 passages quote, allude to, or echo John 18, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35 · 36 · 37 · 38 · 39 · 40
John 18:1
After Jesus had spoken these words, He went out with His disciples across the Kidron Valley, where they entered a garden.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:1 | Commentary on John 19.62 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:1 | Commentary on John 28.202 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:1 | Apostolic Constitutions 5.14.7 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| John 18:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.45.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| John 18:1 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.10 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:1 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.12 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:1–2 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 112.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| John 18:1 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.29 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
John 18:2
Now Judas His betrayer also knew the place, because Jesus had often met there with His disciples.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:2 | Commentary on John 28.203 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:2–3 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 112.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:3
So Judas brought a band of soldiers and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees. They arrived at the garden carrying lanterns, torches, and weapons.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:3 | Commentary on John 19.63 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:3 | Commentary on John 28.204 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:3 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 99 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| John 18:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.41.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.41.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.41.4 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 40.21.2 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 40.30.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:3 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.12 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:4
Jesus, knowing all that was coming upon Him, stepped forward and asked them, “Whom are you seeking?”
John 18:5
“Jesus of Nazareth,” they answered. Jesus said, “I am He.” And Judas His betrayer was standing there with them.
John 18:6
When Jesus said, “I am He,” they drew back and fell to the ground.
John 18:7
So He asked them again, “Whom are you seeking?” “Jesus of Nazareth,” they answered.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:7 | Commentary on John 28.207 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:7 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:7–9 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 112.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:8
“I told you that I am He,” Jesus replied. “So if you are looking for Me, let these men go.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:8 | Catechetical Lecture 6.23 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| John 18:8 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 61.11.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:8 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 61.20.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:8 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 61.20.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:8 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:8–9 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:9
This was to fulfill the word He had spoken: “I have not lost one of those You have given Me.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:9 | Defence before Constantius 35 · Athanasius of Alexandria | echo, medium confidence | ca. 353–357 |
| John 18:9 | On the Trinity 10.42 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–360 |
| John 18:9 | Liber Orsiesii 12 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| John 18:9 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 61.20.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:9 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:10
Then Simon Peter drew his sword and struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus.
John 18:11
“Put your sword back in its sheath!” Jesus said to Peter. “Shall I not drink the cup the Father has given Me?”
John 18:12
Then the band of soldiers, with its commander and the officers of the Jews, arrested Jesus and bound Him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:12 | On Pascha 79 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| John 18:12 | On Pascha 93 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | echo, low confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| John 18:12 | Commentary on John 28.208 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:12–13 | Commentary on John 32.376 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:12 | On the Decrees of Nicaea 2 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350–356 |
| John 18:12 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.19 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:12 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 112.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:13
They brought Him first to Annas, who was the father-in-law of Caiaphas, the high priest that year.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:13 | Church History 1.10.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 300–325 |
| John 18:13 | Apostolic Constitutions 5.14.10 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| John 18:13 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.19 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:13 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.50 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:13–14 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:15
Now Simon Peter and another disciple were following Jesus. Since that disciple was known to the high priest, he also went with Jesus into the courtyard of the high priest.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:15–16 | Letter 127.5 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| John 18:15 | Homilies on Matthew 65.3 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| John 18:15 | Homilies on Matthew 84.2 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| John 18:15 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:15–17 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:16
But Peter stood outside at the door. Then the disciple who was known to the high priest went out and spoke to the doorkeeper, and brought Peter in.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:16 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:17
At this, the servant girl watching the door said to Peter, “Aren’t you also one of this man’s disciples?” “I am not,” he answered.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:17 | Commentary on Matthew 12.40 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| John 18:17 | Sermon 286.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| John 18:17 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.21 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:17 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:17 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 66.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:18
Because it was cold, the servants and officers were standing around a charcoal fire they had made to keep warm. And Peter was also standing with them, warming himself.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:18 | Demonstration of the Gospel 6.18.45 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| John 18:18 | Demonstration of the Gospel 10.7.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| John 18:18 | Catechetical Lecture 13.24 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| John 18:18 | Catechetical Lecture 13.34 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| John 18:18 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:18 | Commentary on the Apostles' Creed 24 · Rufinus of Aquileia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 404 |
| John 18:18–21 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| John 18:18 | On the Grace of Christ and On Original Sin 1.49 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | 418 |
John 18:19
Meanwhile, the high priest questioned Jesus about His disciples and His teaching.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:19 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:20
“I have spoken openly to the world,” Jesus answered. “I always taught in the synagogues and at the temple, where all the Jews come together. I said nothing in secret.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:20 | Against Celsus 2.70 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 248 |
| John 18:20 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 100 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| John 18:20 | Moral Rules (Moralia) 70 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-370 |
| John 18:20 | Question 114, section 6 · Ambrosiaster | echo, low confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| John 18:20 | Letter 96.20 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| John 18:20 | On the Nature of the Good 25 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399 |
| John 18:20 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:21
Why are you asking Me? Ask those who heard My message. Surely they know what I said.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:21 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:22
When Jesus had said this, one of the officers standing nearby slapped Him in the face and said, “Is this how You answer the high priest?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:22–23 | Letter 3.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| John 18:22–23 | Letter 59.4 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| John 18:22–23 | Letter 66.3 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| John 18:22 | Catechetical Lecture 13.12 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| John 18:22 | Catechetical Lecture 13.34 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| John 18:22–23 | The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.19 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 393–396 |
| John 18:22 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:22–23 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| John 18:22 | Homilies on the First Epistle of John 7.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 407 |
| John 18:22 | Commentary on Jeremiah 4.19 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
John 18:23
Jesus replied, “If I said something wrong, testify as to what was wrong. But if I spoke correctly, why did you strike Me?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:23 | Homilies 10.6 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| John 18:23 | Letter to Epictetus 6 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370 |
| John 18:23 | Exposition of Psalm 118 20.35.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| John 18:23 | Letter 138.13 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| John 18:23 | Homilies on Matthew 78.2 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| John 18:23 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.45.4 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| John 18:23 | On Lying 27 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 395 |
| John 18:23 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:23 | Apology against Rufinus 3.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–402 |
John 18:24
Then Annas sent Him, still bound, to Caiaphas the high priest.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:24 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.21 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:24 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:24 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| John 18:24 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 114.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:25
Simon Peter was still standing and warming himself. So they asked him, “Aren’t you also one of His disciples?” He denied it and said, “I am not.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:25 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.21 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:25 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.24 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:25–27 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 113.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:26
One of the high priest’s servants, a relative of the man whose ear Peter had cut off, asked, “Didn’t I see you with Him in the garden?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:26 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.25 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:27
Peter denied it once more, and immediately a rooster crowed.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:27 | Sermon 253.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| John 18:27 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.25 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:28
Then they led Jesus away from Caiaphas into the Praetorium. By now it was early morning, and the Jews did not enter the Praetorium, to avoid being defiled and unable to eat the Passover.
John 18:29
So Pilate went out to them and asked, “What accusation are you bringing against this man?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:29 | Oration 43.54 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| John 18:29 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:29 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.42 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:29–30 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 114.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:30
“If He were not a criminal,” they replied, “we would not have handed Him over to you.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:30 | Homilies on Matthew 84.2 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| John 18:30 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:30 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.42 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:30 | The Conferences 22.12 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
John 18:31
“You take Him and judge Him by your own law,” Pilate told them. “We are not permitted to execute anyone,” the Jews replied.
John 18:32
This was to fulfill the word that Jesus had spoken to indicate the kind of death He was going to die.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:32 | On Joseph 14 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| John 18:32 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:32 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 114.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:33
Pilate went back into the Praetorium, summoned Jesus, and asked Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:33 | Commentary on John 1.129 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:33 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:33–36 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 115.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:34
“Are you saying this on your own,” Jesus asked, “or did others tell you about Me?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:34 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:35
“Am I a Jew?” Pilate replied. “Your own people and chief priests handed You over to me. What have You done?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:35 | Commentary on John 28.232 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:35 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
John 18:36
Jesus answered, “My kingdom is not of this world; if it were, My servants would fight to prevent My arrest by the Jews. But now My kingdom is not of this realm.”
John 18:37
“Then You are a king!” Pilate said. “You say that I am a king,” Jesus answered. “For this reason I was born and have come into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to My voice.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:37 | Oration II Against the Arians 54 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| John 18:37 | Against Arius 1.15 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| John 18:37 | On the Christian Faith 2.12 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| John 18:37 | On Joseph 67 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| John 18:37 | Letters 18.7 · Paulinus of Nola | echo, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| John 18:37 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:37 | The Harmony of the Gospels 4.19 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:37 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 115.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| John 18:37 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 115.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:38
“What is truth?” Pilate asked. And having said this, he went out again to the Jews and told them, “I find no basis for a charge against Him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:38 | Letter to Marcellinus 27 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | uncertain, after 335 |
| John 18:38 | Question 65, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| John 18:38 | Apostolic Constitutions 5.14.10 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| John 18:38 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:38–40 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 115.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
John 18:39
But it is your custom that I release to you one prisoner at the Passover. So then, do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:39 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:39–40 | Part 2, chapter 8 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
John 18:40
“Not this man,” they shouted, “but Barabbas!” (Now Barabbas was an insurrectionist.)
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| John 18:40 | Commentary on John 28.233 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| John 18:40 | Exposition of Psalm 118 20.27.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| John 18:40 | Exposition of Psalm 118 20.38.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| John 18:40 | The Harmony of the Gospels 3.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| John 18:40 | Apology against Jerome 2.12 · Rufinus of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401 |
| John 18:40 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 31.11 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 406–420 |