Isaiah 45 in the early church
[Vulgate: Isaias]
262 passages quote, allude to, or echo Isaiah 45, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23
Isaiah 45:1
This is what the LORD says to Cyrus His anointed, whose right hand I have grasped to subdue nations before him, to disarm kings, to open the doors before him, so that the gates will not be shut:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:1 | Epistle of Barnabas 12.11 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 45:1–2 | Against the Jews 7 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 197–207 |
| Isa 45:1 | Against Praxeas 11 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Isa 45:1 | Against Praxeas 28 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Isa 45:1 | Fragments on Genesis, column 57 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 45:1 | Lines 381–404 · Commodian | quotation, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Isa 45:1 | On the Trinity 26 · Novatian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Isa 45:1–2 | To Quirinus 1.21 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Isa 45:1 | Divine Institutes 4.12.18 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Isa 45:1 | Preparation for the Gospel 6.11.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 45:1 | Book of Rules 1 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 45:1 | Altercatio, chapter 2, speech 22 · Evagrius of Gaul | quotation, high confidence | ca. 400 |
| Isa 45:1 | Commentary on Daniel 7, scholion 14 · Polychronius of Apamea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 400-430 |
| Isa 45:1–3 | Against Five Heresies 7 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Isaiah 45:2
“I will go before you and level the mountains; I will break down the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron.
Isaiah 45:3
I will give you the treasures of darkness and the riches hidden in secret places, so that you may know that I am the LORD, the God of Israel, who calls you by name.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:3 | Epistle of Barnabas 11.4 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 45:3 | The Instructor 3.12.87 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 45:3 | Miscellanies 5.4.23 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 45:3 | Miscellanies 5.10.64 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 45:3 | Against Marcion 4.25 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:3 | Against Marcion 5.6 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:3 | Against Marcion 5.14 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:3 | Fragments on Genesis, column 57 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 45:3 | Fragments on Genesis, column 59 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 45:3 | Commentary on John 2.173 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Isa 45:3 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.109 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Isa 45:3 | Sang. 5 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 45:3 | Divine Institutes 4.12.18 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Isa 45:3 | Preparation for the Gospel 6.11.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 45:3 | Homilies on the Psalms 32.5 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Isa 45:3 | Oration 2.40 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 45:3 | Book of Rules 1 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 45:3 | Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 45:3 | Altercatio, chapter 2, speech 22 · Evagrius of Gaul | quotation, high confidence | ca. 400 |
Isaiah 45:4
For the sake of Jacob My servant and Israel My chosen one, I call you by name; I have given you a title of honor, though you have not known Me.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:4 | Fragments on Genesis, column 59 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 45:4 | Preparation for the Gospel 6.11.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 45:4 | Preparation for the Gospel 6.11.23 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 45:4 | Book of Rules 1 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 45:4 | Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Isaiah 45:5
I am the LORD, and there is no other; there is no God but Me. I will equip you for battle, though you have not known Me,
Isaiah 45:6
so that all may know, from where the sun rises to where it sets, that there is none but Me; I am the LORD, and there is no other.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:6 | The Conferences 6.5 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Isaiah 45:7
I form the light and create the darkness; I bring prosperity and create calamity. I, the LORD, do all these things.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:7 | Against Heresies 4.40.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Heresies 4.40.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Hermogenes 32 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–206 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 1.2 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 1.16 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 2.14 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 2.24 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 3.24 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Marcion 4.1 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:7 | On Flight in Persecution 3 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 208–213 |
| Isa 45:7 | On Modesty 2 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Isa 45:7 | On First Principles 4.2.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Isa 45:7 | Homily on Isaiah 4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 235–250 |
| Isa 45:7 | On the Trinity 3 · Novatian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Celsus 6.55 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Celsus 6.56 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Isa 45:7 | Homilies 2.43 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Isa 45:7 | Homilies 2.44 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Isa 45:7 | Catechetical Lecture 6.24 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 45:7 | Catechetical Lecture 9.7 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 45:7 | On the Words of Scripture 2 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Isa 45:7 | Homilies 9.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Isa 45:7 | Question 106, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Isa 45:7 | Question 107, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Isa 45:7 | Question 107, section 7 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Isa 45:7 | Book of Heresies 79.2 · Philastrius of Brescia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Isa 45:7 | Exposition of Psalm 118 16.18.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Isa 45:7 | Homilies on Matthew 22.3 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Isa 45:7 | On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 2.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387–389 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 27 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394 |
| Isa 45:7 | Against the Epistle of Manichaeus Called Fundamental 39 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 396–397 |
| Isa 45:7 | Commentary on Jeremiah 4.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Isa 45:7 | The Conferences 6.5 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Isaiah 45:8
Drip down, O heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness. Let the earth open up that salvation may sprout and righteousness spring up with it; I, the LORD, have created it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:8 | Divine Institutes 4.12.9 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Isa 45:8 | Oration 4.12 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 45:8 | On Fleeing the World 58 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-391 |
| Isa 45:8 | City of God 20.17 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | 413–426 |
| Isa 45:8 | Against Five Heresies 5 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Isaiah 45:9
Woe to him who quarrels with his Maker—one clay pot among many. Does the clay ask the potter, ‘What are you making?’ Does your work say, ‘He has no hands’?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:9 | Against Marcion 2.2 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:9 | On the Resurrection of the Flesh 7 · Tertullian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 208–212 |
| Isa 45:9 | Commentary on Romans 9:20 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
Isaiah 45:11
Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and its Maker: “Concerning things to come, do you question Me about My sons, or instruct Me in the work of My hands?
Isaiah 45:12
It is I who made the earth and created man upon it. It was My hands that stretched out the heavens, and I ordained all their host.
Isaiah 45:13
I will raise up Cyrus in righteousness, and I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild My city and set My exiles free, but not for payment or reward, says the LORD of Hosts.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:13 | Against Noetus 4 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–230 |
| Isa 45:13 | Commentary on Romans 8.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 45:13 | Prophetic Extracts 4.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 45:13 | Demonstration 19.13 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Isa 45:13 | Homilies on the Psalms 48.4 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Isa 45:13 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 57.7.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Isa 45:13 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 57.7.5 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Isa 45:13 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 57.7.7 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Isa 45:13 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 47.17.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
Isaiah 45:14
This is what the LORD says: “The products of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush, along with the Sabeans, men of stature, will come over to you and will be yours; they will trudge behind you; they will come over in chains and bow down to you. They will confess to you: ‘God is indeed with you, and there is no other; there is no other God.’”
Isaiah 45:15
Truly You are a God who hides Himself, O God of Israel, the Savior.
Isaiah 45:16
They will all be put to shame and humiliated; the makers of idols will depart together in disgrace.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:16 | Prophetic Extracts 4.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 45:16 | Divine Institutes 4.13.7 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Isa 45:16 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 39.4 · Lactantius | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Isa 45:16 | On the Trinity 3 · Faustinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–384 |
Isaiah 45:18
For thus says the LORD, who created the heavens—He is God; He formed the earth and fashioned it; He established it; He did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited: “I am the LORD, and there is no other.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:18 | Against Hermogenes 29 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–206 |
| Isa 45:18 | Res. 1.47 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Isa 45:18 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 64.39.12 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
Isaiah 45:19
I have not spoken in secret, from a place in a land of darkness. I did not say to the descendants of Jacob, ‘Seek Me in a wasteland.’ I, the LORD, speak the truth; I say what is right.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:19 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 45:19 | Letter 96.20 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Isaiah 45:20
Come, gather together, and draw near, you fugitives from the nations. Ignorant are those who carry idols of wood and pray to a god that cannot save.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:20 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
Isaiah 45:21
Speak up and present your case—yes, let them take counsel together. Who foretold this long ago? Who announced it from ancient times? Was it not I, the LORD? There is no other God but Me, a righteous God and Savior; there is none but Me.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:21 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 45:21 | Miscellanies 4.26.170 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Isa 45:21 | Against Marcion 2.26 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:21 | On the Trinity 3 · Novatian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Isa 45:21 | On the Trinity 30 · Novatian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Isa 45:21 | Prayer 1 1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | uncertain |
| Isa 45:21 | Homilies 16.7 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Isa 45:21 | On Ecclesiastical Theology 1.2.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, low confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Isa 45:21 | On Ecclesiastical Theology 2.19.17 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Isa 45:21 | On Ecclesiastical Theology 2.22.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Isa 45:21 | On the Trinity 4.41 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–360 |
| Isa 45:21 | Letters 8, 9 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Isa 45:21 | Letter 122.2 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 45:21 | Eleven Tractates 1.3 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Isa 45:21 | Against Five Heresies 6 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Isaiah 45:22
Turn to Me and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:22 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 45:22–24 | Demonstration of the Gospel 2.3.21 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 45:22 | Letter 122.2 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 45:22–24 | Against Five Heresies 4 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-450 |
Isaiah 45:23
By Myself I have sworn; truth has gone out from My mouth, a word that will not be revoked: Every knee will bow before Me, every tongue will swear allegiance.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 45:23 | First Apology 52 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 150–155 |
| Isa 45:23 | Exhortation to the Greeks 8.79 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Isa 45:23 | Against Hermogenes 6 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 200–206 |
| Isa 45:23 | Against Marcion 1.11 · Tertullian | allusion, low confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:23 | Against Marcion 2.26 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 45:23 | On Prayer 31.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Isa 45:23 | Commentary on Romans 9.41 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 45:23 | Commentary on Romans 14:11 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Isa 45:23 | On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 2.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387–389 |
| Isa 45:23 | Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394 |
| Isa 45:23 | Book 1, chapter 9 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 440-450 |