Isaiah 44 in the early church
[Vulgate: Isaias]
101 passages quote, allude to, or echo Isaiah 44, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 13 · 15 · 17 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28
Isaiah 44:1
But now listen, O Jacob My servant, Israel, whom I have chosen.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:1–2 | On Pascha 83 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | echo, low confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Isa 44:1 | Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Isaiah 44:2
This is the word of the LORD, your Maker, who formed you from the womb and who will help you: “Do not be afraid, O Jacob My servant, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:2 | Refutation of All Heresies 6.14.7 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Isa 44:2 | Question 23, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Isa 44:2 | Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 4.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 420–421 |
Isaiah 44:3
For I will pour water on the thirsty land, and currents on the dry ground. I will pour out My Spirit on your descendants, and My blessing on your offspring.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:3 | Catechetical Lecture 16.30 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 44:3 | On the Holy Spirit 10 · Didymus the Blind | quotation, high confidence | Greek ca. 360-390; Latin 387-391 |
Isaiah 44:4
They will sprout among the grass like willows by flowing streams.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:4 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Isa 44:4 | Symposium 4.3 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Isa 44:4 | Symposium 9.4 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Isa 44:4 | Tractates on the Psalms 136.7 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
Isaiah 44:5
One will say, ‘I belong to the LORD,’ another will call himself by the name of Jacob, and still another will write on his hand, ‘The LORD’s,’ and will take the name of Israel.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:5 | Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting 7 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 211–213 |
| Isa 44:5 | Against Marcion 4.39 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
Isaiah 44:6
Thus says the LORD, the King and Redeemer of Israel, the LORD of Hosts: “I am the first and I am the last, and there is no God but Me.
Isaiah 44:7
Who then is like Me? Let him say so! Let him declare his case before Me, since I established an ancient people. Let him foretell the things to come, and what is to take place.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:7 | On the Trinity 30 · Novatian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Isa 44:7 | Eleven Tractates 1.3 · Priscillian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380–385 |
Isaiah 44:8
Do not tremble or fear. Have I not told you and declared it long ago? You are My witnesses! Is there any God but Me? There is no other Rock; I know not one.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:8–9 | On Idolatry 4 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 196–211 |
Isaiah 44:9
All makers of idols are nothing, and the things they treasure are worthless. Their witnesses fail to see or comprehend, so they are put to shame.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:9–20 | Apocalypse of Peter (Akhmim fragment) 33 · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | ca. 100–150 |
| Isa 44:9 | To Diognetus 2.2 · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | ca. 150–200 (disputed) |
| Isa 44:9 | First Apology 9 · Justin Martyr | echo, medium confidence | ca. 150–155 |
| Isa 44:9 | Sibylline Oracles 8.371ff. · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Isa 44:9 | Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Isa 44:9 | 14 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Isa 44:9–20 | Octavius 23.13 · Minucius Felix | echo, low confidence | ca. 197–250 |
| Isa 44:9–20 | Against the Nations 6.14 · Arnobius of Sicca | echo, low confidence | ca. 297–303 |
| Isa 44:9–17 | Oration to the Assembly of the Saints 4.2 · Constantine the Great | echo, medium confidence | ca. 325 (dated variously 317–325) |
| Isa 44:9–20 | Against the Heathen 14 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 318–325 |
Isaiah 44:13
The woodworker extends a measuring line; he marks it out with a stylus; he shapes it with chisels and outlines it with a compass. He fashions it in the likeness of man, like man in all his glory, that it may dwell in a shrine.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:13–17 | Book 1, lines 264–287 · Sedulius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 44:13–17 | Book 1, section 26 · Sedulius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Isaiah 44:15
It serves as fuel for man. He takes some of it to warm himself, and he kindles a fire and bakes his bread. He also fashions it into a god and worships it; he makes an idol and bows down to it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:15 | To Autolycus 2.2 · Theophilus of Antioch | echo, medium confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Isa 44:15–17 | Catechetical Lecture 6.8 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 44:15 | Poem 32, lines 1–31 (XXXII) · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 393–431 |
Isaiah 44:17
From the rest he makes a god, his graven image. He bows down to it and worships; he prays to it and says, “Save me, for you are my god.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:17 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 20.11 · Lactantius | echo, low confidence | ca. 314–320 |
Isaiah 44:20
He feeds on ashes. His deluded heart has led him astray, and he cannot deliver himself or say, “Is not this thing in my right hand a lie?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:20 | On Idolatry 4 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 196–211 |
| Isa 44:20 | On the Resurrection of the Flesh 3 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 208–212 |
Isaiah 44:21
Remember these things, O Jacob, for you are My servant, O Israel. I have made you, and you are My servant; O Israel, I will never forget you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:21 | Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Isaiah 44:22
I have blotted out your transgressions like a cloud, and your sins like a mist. Return to Me, for I have redeemed you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:22 | Homily on Luke 17 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Isa 44:22 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 9.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Isa 44:22 | Commentary on Romans 3.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 44:22 | Commentary on Romans 7.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 44:22 | Catechetical Lecture 18.33 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 44:22 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.4.10 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Isa 44:22 | Letter 122.2 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 44:22 | Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Isa 44:22 | The Conferences 20.7 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Isaiah 44:24
Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer who formed you from the womb: “I am the LORD, who has made all things, who alone stretched out the heavens, who by Myself spread out the earth,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:24 | To Autolycus 1.7 · Theophilus of Antioch | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Isa 44:24 | Against Hermogenes 6 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–206 |
| Isa 44:24 | Against Praxeas 18 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Isa 44:24 | Against Praxeas 19 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Isa 44:24 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.11.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Isa 44:24 | Oration III Against the Arians 9 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Isa 44:24 | On the Decrees of Nicaea 9 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350–356 |
| Isa 44:24 | Homilies 23.2 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Isa 44:24 | On the Christian Faith 5.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
Isaiah 44:25
who foils the signs of false prophets and makes fools of diviners, who confounds the wise and turns their knowledge into nonsense,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:25 | Against Marcion 4.25 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 44:25 | Against Praxeas 19 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
Isaiah 44:26
who confirms the message of His servant and fulfills the counsel of His messengers, who says of Jerusalem, ‘She will be inhabited,’ and of the cities of Judah, ‘They will be rebuilt, and I will restore their ruins,’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:26 | Against Praxeas 19 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 213 or later |
Isaiah 44:27
who says to the depths of the sea, ‘Be dry, and I will dry up your currents,’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:27 | Hexaemeron 3.6 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370 |
| Isa 44:27 | Hexameron (Exameron) 2.12 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
Isaiah 44:28
who says of Cyrus, ‘My shepherd will fulfill all that I desire,’ who says of Jerusalem, ‘She will be rebuilt,’ and of the temple, ‘Let its foundation be laid.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 44:28 | Demonstration 14.28 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |