1 Kings 18 in the early church

[LXX: 3 Kingdoms; Vulgate: 3 Kings]

132 passages quote, allude to, or echo 1 Kings 18, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 3 · 4 · 9 · 10 · 13 · 15 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 26 · 28 · 31 · 33 · 34 · 36 · 38 · 40 · 41 · 42 · 43 · 44 · 45

1 Kings 18:1

After a long time, in the third year of the drought, the word of the LORD came to Elijah: “Go and present yourself to Ahab, and I will send rain upon the face of the earth.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:1Defence of His Flight 17 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 357
1 Kgs 18:1To Theodosius on the Witch of Endor, part 2 · Gregory of Nyssaallusion, medium confidenceca. 380–394
1 Kgs 18:1Hexameron (Exameron) 2.16 · Ambroseallusion, medium confidenceca. 387-390
1 Kgs 18:1–18Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

1 Kings 18:3

and Ahab summoned Obadiah, who was in charge of the palace. (Now Obadiah greatly feared the LORD,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:3–12Apostolic Constitutions 8.2.1 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 380

1 Kings 18:4

for when Jezebel had slaughtered the prophets of the LORD, Obadiah had taken a hundred prophets and hidden them, fifty men per cave, providing them with food and water.)

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:4Demonstration 3.4 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
1 Kgs 18:4Oration I Against the Arians 63 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 339–346
1 Kgs 18:4On Apostate Kings 7 · Lucifer of Cagliariallusion, medium confidenceca. 356–361
1 Kgs 18:4Defence of His Flight 10 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 357
1 Kgs 18:4Defence of His Flight 25 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 357
1 Kgs 18:4History of the Arians 53 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 357
1 Kgs 18:4Oration 35.2 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:4Commentary on 2 Corinthians 11:2 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 366–384
1 Kgs 18:4Commentary on Romans 11:3 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 366–384
1 Kgs 18:4Letter 46.13 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
1 Kgs 18:4Letter 108.13 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
1 Kgs 18:4Letter 93.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 386–430
1 Kgs 18:4Letters 29.11 · Paulinus of Nolaallusion, high confidenceca. 394–413
1 Kgs 18:4Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

1 Kings 18:9

But Obadiah replied, “How have I sinned, that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to put me to death?

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:9Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century)

1 Kings 18:10

As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom where my lord has not sent someone to search for you. When they said, ‘He is not here,’ he made that kingdom or nation swear that they had not found you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:10Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century)

1 Kings 18:13

Was it not reported to my lord what I did when Jezebel slaughtered the prophets of the LORD? I hid a hundred prophets of the LORD, fifty men per cave, and I provided them with food and water.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:13Letters 29.11 · Paulinus of Nolaallusion, high confidenceca. 394–413

1 Kings 18:15

Then Elijah said, “As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, I will present myself to Ahab today.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:15Letter to Marcellinus 11 · Athanasius of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceuncertain, after 335
1 Kgs 18:15Life of Antony 7 · Athanasius of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 357–360
1 Kgs 18:15Sermon on the Life of Honoratus 1 · Hilary of Arlesquotation, high confidenceca. 430

1 Kings 18:17

When Ahab saw Elijah, he said to him, “Is that you, O troubler of Israel?”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:17–18On Saint Athanasius 1.16 · Lucifer of Cagliariquotation, high confidenceca. 356–361

1 Kings 18:18

“I have not troubled Israel,” Elijah replied, “but you and your father’s house have, for you have forsaken the commandments of the LORD and have followed the Baals.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:18–46On Saint Athanasius 1.17 · Lucifer of Cagliariquotation, high confidenceca. 356–361
1 Kgs 18:18Homilies on Matthew 46.3 · John Chrysostomallusion, medium confidenceca. 390
1 Kgs 18:18Homilies on Matthew 56.2 · John Chrysostomallusion, medium confidenceca. 390
1 Kgs 18:18Homilies on Matthew 58.4 · John Chrysostomquotation, high confidenceca. 390

1 Kings 18:19

Now summon all Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel, along with the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah who eat at Jezebel’s table.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:19Dialogue with Trypho 69.1 · Justin Martyrallusion, medium confidenceca. 155–160
1 Kgs 18:19–20Letter 42 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, medium confidenceca. 357–378
1 Kgs 18:19–20Letter 171 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, low confidenceca. 360–390
1 Kgs 18:19Oration 10.1 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:19–20Oration 14.4 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:19Homilies 10.6 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 363-378
1 Kgs 18:19–40Petition to the Emperors (Libellus precum) 22 · Faustinusallusion, high confidenceca. 383–384

1 Kings 18:21

Then Elijah approached all the people and said, “How long will you waver between two opinions? If the LORD is God, follow Him. But if Baal is God, follow him.” But the people did not answer a word.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:21Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyonsquotation, high confidenceca. 180–190
1 Kgs 18:21PG 12:1239 (Ps 17–18 LXX) · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
1 Kgs 18:21Exhortation to Martyrdom 18 · Origenquotation, high confidence235
1 Kgs 18:21Homilies on Exodus 8.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 Kgs 18:21Commentary on Matthew 12.22 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 246–248
1 Kgs 18:21Opinions of the Bishops 44 · Cyprian of Carthagequotation, high confidence1 September 256
1 Kgs 18:21On Saint Athanasius 1.16 · Lucifer of Cagliariallusion, medium confidenceca. 356–361
1 Kgs 18:21Letter 69 · Basil of Caesareaecho, medium confidenceca. 357–378
1 Kgs 18:21Oration 40.44 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:21Oration 44.9 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:21Letter 142.1 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–419
1 Kgs 18:21Apostolic Constitutions 7.1.1 · Anonymousquotation, high confidenceca. 380
1 Kgs 18:21Liber Orsiesii 26 · Orsiesiusquotation, high confidenceca. 380-390
1 Kgs 18:21Book of Heresies 16.2 · Philastrius of Bresciaquotation, high confidenceca. 380s
1 Kgs 18:21Book of Heresies 26.2 · Philastrius of Bresciaquotation, high confidenceca. 380s
1 Kgs 18:21Letter 123.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, medium confidenceca. 386–430
1 Kgs 18:21Homilies on Matthew 24.4 · John Chrysostomquotation, high confidenceca. 390
1 Kgs 18:21On Baptism, against the Donatists 7.14 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 400–401
1 Kgs 18:21Commentary on Jeremiah 6.15 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 414-419
1 Kgs 18:21Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 6 · Eucherius of Lyonquotation, high confidenceca. 420-430
1 Kgs 18:21Book 5, lines 126–149 · Seduliusecho, low confidenceca. 425-450
1 Kgs 18:21Book 5, section 11 · Seduliusecho, low confidenceca. 425-450
1 Kgs 18:21Part 1, chapter 24 · Quodvultdeus of Carthagequotation, high confidenceca. 445-450

1 Kings 18:22

Then Elijah said to the people, “I am the only remaining prophet of the LORD, but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:22Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345

1 Kings 18:23

Get two bulls for us. Let the prophets of Baal choose one bull for themselves, cut it into pieces, and place it on the wood but not light the fire. And I will prepare the other bull and place it on the wood but not light the fire.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:23–29On the Witch of Endor 8 · Eustathius of Antiochallusion, high confidenceca. 324–337

1 Kings 18:24

Then you may call on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the LORD. The God who answers by fire, He is God.” And all the people answered, “What you say is good.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:24Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyonsquotation, high confidenceca. 180–190

1 Kings 18:26

And they took the bull that was given them, prepared it, and called on the name of Baal from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was no sound, and no one answered as they leaped around the altar they had made.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:26–38Demonstration 4.3 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345

1 Kings 18:28

So they shouted louder and cut themselves with knives and lances, as was their custom, until the blood gushed over them.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:28–29On the Witch of Endor 8 · Eustathius of Antiochquotation, high confidenceca. 324–337

1 Kings 18:31

And Elijah took twelve stones, one for each tribe of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come and said, “Israel shall be your name.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:31Against Heresies 1.18.4 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
1 Kgs 18:31Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.17.2 · Epiphanius of Salamisallusion, high confidence374-377

1 Kings 18:33

Next, he arranged the wood, cut up the bull, placed it on the wood,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:33–34Commentary on John 6.125 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 230–248
1 Kgs 18:33On Elijah and Fasting 83 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-390

1 Kings 18:34

and said, “Fill four waterpots and pour the water on the offering and on the wood.” “Do it a second time,” he said, and they did it a second time. “Do it a third time,” he said, and they did it a third time.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:34Oration 40.43 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:34Oration 41.4 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:34Homilies 13.2 · Basil of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 363-378
1 Kgs 18:34On the Duties of the Clergy 3.18 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386–390
1 Kgs 18:34On Elijah and Fasting 83 · Ambrosequotation, high confidenceca. 387-390

1 Kings 18:36

At the time of the evening sacrifice, Elijah the prophet approached the altar and said, “O LORD, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, let it be known this day that You are God in Israel and that I am Your servant and have done all these things at Your command.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:36Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyonsquotation, high confidenceca. 180–190
1 Kgs 18:36Against Heresies 3.6.4 · Irenaeus of Lyonsecho, medium confidenceca. 180–190
1 Kgs 18:36–40Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
1 Kgs 18:36–38Apostolic Constitutions 7.37.3 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 380
1 Kgs 18:36–40Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

1 Kings 18:38

Then the fire of the LORD fell and consumed the sacrifice, the wood, the stones, and the dust, and it licked up the water in the trench.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:38On Prayer 29 · Tertullianallusion, high confidenceca. 198–206
1 Kgs 18:38To Quirinus 3.101 · Cyprian of Carthageallusion, medium confidenceca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later)
1 Kgs 18:38Letter 2.8 · Antony the Greatallusion, high confidencebefore 356
1 Kgs 18:38Bordeaux Pilgrim 585 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence333
1 Kgs 18:38Demonstration 4.1 · Aphrahatallusion, medium confidence337-345
1 Kgs 18:38Oration 41.4 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:38Homilies 13.2 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 363-378
1 Kgs 18:38Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 42.11.17 · Epiphanius of Salamisallusion, medium confidence374-377
1 Kgs 18:38On the Duties of the Clergy 3.18 · Ambrosequotation, high confidenceca. 386–390
1 Kgs 18:38Homilies on Matthew 56.2 · John Chrysostomallusion, high confidenceca. 390
1 Kgs 18:38On Elijah and Fasting 3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-390
1 Kgs 18:38On Elijah and Fasting 83 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-390
1 Kgs 18:38On the Mysteries 5 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387–391
1 Kgs 18:38On the Mysteries 9 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387–391
1 Kgs 18:38Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 82–88 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)
1 Kgs 18:38The Conferences 15.3 · John Cassianallusion, high confidenceca. 426–429
1 Kgs 18:38In Praise of the Desert 18 · Eucherius of Lyonallusion, high confidenceca. 427-428

1 Kings 18:40

Then Elijah ordered them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Do not let a single one escape.” So they seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the Kishon Valley and slaughtered them there.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:40Letter 2.8 · Antony the Greatallusion, medium confidencebefore 356
1 Kgs 18:40On Saint Athanasius 1.18 · Lucifer of Cagliariallusion, medium confidenceca. 356–361
1 Kgs 18:40Defence of His Flight 20 · Athanasius of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 357
1 Kgs 18:40Oration 40.43 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
1 Kgs 18:40Homilies 10.6 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 363-378
1 Kgs 18:40Against Parmenian the Donatist 3.7 · Optatus of Milevisallusion, high confidenceca. 366–385
1 Kgs 18:40Against Parmenian the Donatist 7.6 · Optatus of Milevisallusion, high confidenceca. 366–385
1 Kgs 18:40Letter 109.3 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–419
1 Kgs 18:40Letter 44.9 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 386–430
1 Kgs 18:40Letter 93.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 386–430
1 Kgs 18:40The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.20 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 393–396
1 Kgs 18:40Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 82–88 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)
1 Kgs 18:40Celestine, ACO I.2, letter 23.1 · Celestine I, bishop of Romeallusion, high confidence430-432

1 Kings 18:41

And Elijah said to Ahab, “Go up, eat and drink, for there is the sound of a heavy rain.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:41–45Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
1 Kgs 18:41Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 360-378
1 Kgs 18:41–45Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis 14 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 393
1 Kgs 18:41–45Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, medium confidenceca. 445-450

1 Kings 18:42

So Ahab went up to eat and drink. But Elijah climbed to the summit of Carmel, bent down on the ground, and put his face between his knees.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:42PG 12:1121 (Ps 3 LXX) · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 220-254
1 Kgs 18:42PG 12:1123 (Ps 3 LXX) · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 220-254
1 Kgs 18:42Homilies 8.4 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 363-378

1 Kings 18:43

“Go and look toward the sea,” he said to his servant. So the servant went and looked, and he said, “There is nothing there.” Seven times Elijah said, “Go back.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:43Oration 41.4 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383

1 Kings 18:44

On the seventh time the servant reported, “There is a cloud as small as a man’s hand rising from the sea.” And Elijah replied, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Prepare your chariot and go down before the rain stops you.’”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:44Exhortation to the Greeks 10.92 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 190–200
1 Kgs 18:44Homilies on Jeremiah 8.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 240
1 Kgs 18:44Letter 2.8 · Antony the Greatallusion, high confidencebefore 356

1 Kings 18:45

Meanwhile, the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and a heavy rain began to fall. So Ahab rode away and went to Jezreel.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
1 Kgs 18:45On Prayer 13.5 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 233–234
1 Kgs 18:45Recognitions 5.29 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceGreek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407
1 Kgs 18:45Letters to Serapion 1.8 · Athanasius of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 357–360
1 Kgs 18:45Question 115, section 39 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 370–384
1 Kgs 18:45Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 28 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidence380
1 Kgs 18:45On Naboth 7 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-390
1 Kgs 18:45On Elijah and Fasting 3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-390
1 Kgs 18:45Explanation of Twelve Psalms 35.15.3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-397
1 Kgs 18:45Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.58.7 · Ambroseallusion, medium confidenceca. 387-397
1 Kgs 18:45Life of Hilarion 32 · Jeromeecho, low confidenceca. 390–392
1 Kgs 18:45Poem 26, lines 227–254 · Paulinus of Nolaallusion, medium confidenceca. 393–431
1 Kgs 18:45On the Trinity 3.5 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 399–419