Ezekiel 18 in the early church
[Vulgate: Ezechiel]
248 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ezekiel 18, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 2 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 27 · 30 · 31 · 32
Ezekiel 18:2
“What do you people mean by quoting this proverb about the land of Israel: ‘The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the teeth of the children are set on edge’?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:2 | Against Marcion 2.15 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 18:2–4 | On Monogamy 7 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 210–217 |
| Ezek 18:2 | On First Principles 2.5.2 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 18:2–4 | Against Celsus 8.40 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Commentary on Matthew 17.8 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Commentary on Matthew 17.24 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 3.1 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Ezek 18:2–4 | Question 14, section 3 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Ezek 18:2–5 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Commentary on Titus 1:6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Commentary on Jeremiah 3.62 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Ezek 18:2–4 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.25 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Enchiridion (Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Love) 46 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 421–423 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Book 2, lines 1–29 · Sedulius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Ezek 18:2 | Book 2, section 2 · Sedulius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Ezekiel 18:4
Behold, every soul belongs to Me; both father and son are Mine. The soul who sins is the one who will die.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:4 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:4 | On First Principles 2.8.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Fragments on Luke, column 349 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Fragments on Proverbs, column 179 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 18:4 | PG 12:1571 (Ps 114–115 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on John 13.429 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on John 19.84 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Homilies on Leviticus 12.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Matthew 12.33 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Matthew 13.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 4.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 5.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 5.3 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 6.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 6.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 6.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Against Novatian 16 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | after 251 (disputed) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Cib. 13 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Ezek 18:4 | Against Arius 3.3 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–362 |
| Ezek 18:4 | On the Holy Spirit 41 · Didymus the Blind | allusion, high confidence | Greek ca. 360-390; Latin 387-391 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.3 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 2.5 · Optatus of Milevis | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 7.1 · Optatus of Milevis | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Commentary on Romans 8:10 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 54.8 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 60.8 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 64.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 119.7 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 120.11 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 129.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 140.19 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Ancoratus 78.1 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374 |
| Ezek 18:4 | On Paradise 45 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 375-378 |
| Ezek 18:4 | On the Christian Faith 3.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 44.12 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 98.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 98.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 98.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Letter 250.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 1.58.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Sermon 35.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Acts of the Debate with Fortunatus the Manichaean 22 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, low confidence | 28–29 August 392 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 136–138 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | 5th century (disputed) |
| Ezek 18:4 | 1 Corinthians 7:5 · Pelagius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 405–410 |
| Ezek 18:4 | Against Lying 20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420 |
Ezekiel 18:5
Now suppose a man is righteous and does what is just and right:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:5 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:5 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:5 | Didascalia 2.14 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
Ezekiel 18:6
He does not eat at the mountain or look to the idols of the house of Israel. He does not defile his neighbor’s wife or approach a woman during her period.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:6 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:6 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:6 | Fragment on 1 Corinthians (Jenkins § 34, part 2) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 226-254 |
| Ezek 18:6 | On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 3.21 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 411–412 |
Ezekiel 18:7
He does not oppress another, but restores the pledge to the debtor. He does not commit robbery, but gives his bread to the hungry and covers the naked with clothing.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:7 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:7 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:7 | Against Marcion 4.16 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 18:7 | Against Marcion 4.17 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 18:7–8 | To Quirinus 3.48 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Ezek 18:7 | On Tobit 52 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Ezek 18:7 | On Tobit 58 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Ezekiel 18:8
He does not engage in usury or take excess interest, but he withholds his hand from iniquity and executes true justice between men.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:8 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Against Marcion 4.17 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 18:8 | PG 12:1157 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Canon 12 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | 1 August 314 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Demonstration 14.3 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Canon 13 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | ca. 345–348 |
| Ezek 18:8 | On Tobit 52 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Ezek 18:8 | Canonical Letter, Migne PG 45:233 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, low confidence | ca. 390 |
Ezekiel 18:9
He follows My statutes and faithfully keeps My ordinances. That man is righteous; surely he will live, declares the Lord GOD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:9 | The Instructor 1.10.95 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Ezek 18:9 | Miscellanies 2.22.135 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 18:9 | Didascalia 2.14 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:9–10 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 18:9 | On Tobit 52 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Ezekiel 18:12
He oppresses the poor and needy; he commits robbery and does not restore a pledge. He lifts his eyes to idols; he commits abominations.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:12 | On Tobit 52 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Ezekiel 18:13
He engages in usury and takes excess interest. Will this son live? He will not! Since he has committed all these abominations, he will surely die; his blood will be on his own head.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:13 | Demonstration 14.3 · Aphrahat | allusion, medium confidence | 337-345 |
| Ezek 18:13 | Oration 16.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | echo, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Ezek 18:13 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 18:13 | On Tobit 52 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Ezekiel 18:14
Now suppose this son has a son who sees all the sins his father has committed, considers them, and does not do likewise:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:14 | Didascalia 2.14 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
Ezekiel 18:19
Yet you may ask, ‘Why shouldn’t the son bear the iniquity of his father?’ Since the son has done what is just and right, carefully observing all My statutes, he will surely live.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:19–20 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 18:20
The soul who sins is the one who will die. A son will not bear the iniquity of his father, and a father will not bear the iniquity of his son. The righteousness of the righteous man will fall upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked man will fall upon him.
Ezekiel 18:21
But if the wicked man turns from all the sins he has committed, keeps all My statutes, and does what is just and right, he will surely live; he will not die.
Ezekiel 18:22
None of the transgressions he has committed will be held against him. Because of the righteousness he has practiced, he will live.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:22 | To Autolycus 3.11 · Theophilus of Antioch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Commentary on Matthew 13.30 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Sermon 39.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Sermon 82.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Sermon 87.10 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Sermon 87.11 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 33.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Ezek 18:22 | On the Christian Life 2 · Fastidius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 411-430 |
| Ezek 18:22 | Consolatory Letter to Arcadius 1 · Antoninus Honoratus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 437-440 |
Ezekiel 18:23
Do I take any pleasure in the death of the wicked? declares the Lord GOD. Wouldn’t I prefer that he turn from his ways and live?
Ezekiel 18:24
But if a righteous man turns from his righteousness and practices iniquity, committing the same abominations as the wicked, will he live? None of the righteous acts he did will be remembered. Because of the unfaithfulness and sin he has committed, he will die.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:24 | Who Is the Rich Man That Is Saved? 40.3 · Clement of Alexandria | echo, medium confidence | ca. 190–210 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Didascalia 2.14 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:24 | Didascalia 2.15 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homily on Luke 38 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homilies on Ezekiel 3.8 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homilies on Ezekiel 8.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homilies on Judges 7.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 6.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 18:24 | Homilies on Jeremiah 19.14 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Commentary on Matthew 10.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Commentary on Matthew 12.30 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Commentary on Matthew 13.29 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Commentary on Romans 2.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 18:24 | Divine Institutes 6.24.5 · Lactantius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Demonstration 7.10 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Life of Antony 18 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Letter 42 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Ezek 18:24 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 18:24 | On the Predestination of the Saints 14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 428/429 |
| Ezek 18:24 | To the Church 4.9 · Salvian of Marseilles | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 435-440 |
Ezekiel 18:25
Yet you say, ‘The way of the Lord is not just.’ Hear now, O house of Israel: Is it My way that is unjust? Is it not your ways that are unjust?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:25 | Didascalia 2.15 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:25 | The Conferences 24.25 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Ezekiel 18:27
But if a wicked man turns from the wickedness he has committed and does what is just and right, he will save his life.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:27 | Who Is the Rich Man That Is Saved? 40.3 · Clement of Alexandria | echo, medium confidence | ca. 190–210 |
| Ezek 18:27 | Didascalia 2.15 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:27 | Demonstration 7.10 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Ezek 18:27 | Demonstration 7.23 · Aphrahat | allusion, low confidence | 337-345 |
| Ezek 18:27–28 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 18:30
Therefore, O house of Israel, I will judge you, each according to his ways, declares the Lord GOD. Repent and turn from all your transgressions, so that your iniquity will not become your downfall.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:30 | 1 Clement 8.3 · Clement of Rome | echo, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Ezek 18:30 | On Repentance 4 · Tertullian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 198–206 |
| Ezek 18:30 | Didascalia 2.15 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:30–32 | Against Novatian 18 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | after 251 (disputed) |
| Ezek 18:30 | Letter 122.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:30 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.14.14 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 18:31
Cast away from yourselves all the transgressions you have committed, and fashion for yourselves a new heart and a new spirit. Why should you die, O house of Israel?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 18:31 | Didascalia 2.15 (Latin) · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | first half of the third century |
| Ezek 18:31 | Catechetical Lecture 1.1 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 18:31 | Letters to Serapion 1.8 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Ezek 18:31 | Letters to Serapion 1.9 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Ezek 18:31 | Oration 34.10 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Ezek 18:31 | Letter 122.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 18:31–32 | Liber Orsiesii 33 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Ezek 18:31 | On Grace and Free Will 15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426 |
| Ezek 18:31 | The Conferences 13.9 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Ezekiel 18:32
For I take no pleasure in anyone’s death, declares the Lord GOD. So repent and live!