Homer, Odyssey in the early church
Texts outside the 66 books of the Protestant Bible. A bracket shows which other churches include a book in their Old Testament canon: RC = Roman Catholic, EO = Eastern Orthodox, ETH = Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo.
172 passages cite it, in date order.
| Passage | Cites | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Apology 18 · Justin Martyr | 11 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 150–155 |
| On the Resurrection 5 · Justin Martyr | 10.306 | quotation, high confidence | 2nd century (disputed) |
| On the Sole Government of God 6 · Anonymous | 22.347-348 | quotation, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| On the Sole Government of God 6 · Anonymous | 21.28 | allusion, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| On the Sole Government of God 6 · Anonymous | 8.266-366 | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| To Autolycus 2.38 · Theophilus of Antioch | 11.222 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–185 |
| A Plea for the Christians 21 · Athenagoras | 8.296–309 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 176–180 |
| A Plea for the Christians 29 · Athenagoras | 21.28–29 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 176–180 |
| The Instructor 2.1.7 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.27 | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.1.8 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.37 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.2.34 · Clement of Alexandria | 10.559–560 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.5.48 · Clement of Alexandria | 14.464–466 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.10.97 · Clement of Alexandria | 2.104–105 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.10.109 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.327 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 2.12.123 · Clement of Alexandria | 8.296 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| The Instructor 3.1.1 · Clement of Alexandria | 4.456–458 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 1.2 · Clement of Alexandria | 4.221 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 1.9 · Clement of Alexandria | 1.170 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 2.30 · Clement of Alexandria | 21.26 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 2.33 · Clement of Alexandria | 21.28 | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 2.33 · Clement of Alexandria | 8.324 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 2.35 · Clement of Alexandria | 19.34 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 2.38 · Clement of Alexandria | 19.163 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 3.45 · Clement of Alexandria | 20.351–352 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 4.59 · Clement of Alexandria | 8.266–270 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 9.82 · Clement of Alexandria | 2.47 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 9.86 · Clement of Alexandria | 1.57–59 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 9.88 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.14–19 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 10.101 · Clement of Alexandria | 13.203–204 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 10.109 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.27 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 11.112 · Clement of Alexandria | 19.179 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 12.118 · Clement of Alexandria | 12.219–220 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Exhortation to the Greeks 12.118 · Clement of Alexandria | 12.184–185 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Against Heresies 1.9.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | 21.26 | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Hortatory Address to the Greeks 28 · Anonymous | 11.576-579 | quotation, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| Hortatory Address to the Greeks 28 · Anonymous | 4.220-221 | allusion, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| Hortatory Address to the Greeks 28 · Anonymous | 7.114-126 | quotation, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| Hortatory Address to the Greeks 28 · Anonymous | 11.313-316 | quotation, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| Hortatory Address to the Greeks 36 · Anonymous | 12.173-177 | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd–3rd century (disputed) |
| Miscellanies 1.9.44 · Clement of Alexandria | 1.3 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 1.14.61 · Clement of Alexandria | 8.351 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 1.21.107 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.580 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 1.21.134 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.507–512 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 2.5.20 · Clement of Alexandria | 19.179 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 2.15.64 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.327 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 2.20.104 · Clement of Alexandria | 2.406 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 2.20.124 · Clement of Alexandria | 19.163 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 2.23.143 · Clement of Alexandria | 6.181–182 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 3.3.14 · Clement of Alexandria | 18.130 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 4.3.12 · Clement of Alexandria | 17.322–323 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 4.8.63 · Clement of Alexandria | 6.182–184 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 4.19.123 · Clement of Alexandria | 6.85–95 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 4.22.142 · Clement of Alexandria | 4.759; 2.261 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 4.25.155 · Clement of Alexandria | 10.495; 17.485–486 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 5.1.2 · Clement of Alexandria | 6.185 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 5.14.116 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.410–411 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 5.14.116 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.275 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.2.5 · Clement of Alexandria | 11.427; 22.412 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.2.7 · Clement of Alexandria | 14.228 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.2.11 · Clement of Alexandria | 1.170 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.2.12 · Clement of Alexandria | 17.286–287 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.2.26 · Clement of Alexandria | 9.371–372 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 6.11.89 · Clement of Alexandria | 12.173–200 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 7.4.22 · Clement of Alexandria | 12.452–453 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 7.4.25 · Clement of Alexandria | 2.181–182 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Miscellanies 7.16.95 · Clement of Alexandria | 10.233–243 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Octavius 19.1 · Minucius Felix | 18.136–137 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 197–250 |
| Octavius 23.7 · Minucius Felix | 8.266–366 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 197–250 |
| On the Pallium 2 · Tertullian | 7.112–132 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 205–211 |
| On the Pallium 4 · Tertullian | 16.294 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 205–211 |
| On the Soul 46 · Tertullian | 19.562 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210 |
| On the Soul 53 · Tertullian | 24.1 | echo, low confidence | ca. 210 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.30 · Hippolytus of Rome | 24.1–2 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.31 · Hippolytus of Rome | 24.2–4 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.34 · Hippolytus of Rome | 24.6–8 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.37 · Hippolytus of Rome | 24.9–12 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 5.8.35 · Hippolytus of Rome | 4.384–385 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 6.15.4 · Hippolytus of Rome | 10.304–306 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 6.16.1 · Hippolytus of Rome | 10 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 7.13.1 · Hippolytus of Rome | 12 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 7.13.2 · Hippolytus of Rome | 12.39–54 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Refutation of All Heresies 7.22.8 · Hippolytus of Rome | 7.36 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Instructions 1.7 · Commodian | 8.266-366 | allusion, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Against Celsus 2.76 · Origen | 10.281 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 2.76 · Origen | 12.45 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 2.76 · Origen | 12.184 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 3.22 · Origen | 11.303–304 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 4.21 · Origen | 11.305–320 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 4.76 · Origen | 9.109 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 4.91 · Origen | 15.526 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 4.94 · Origen | 20.116–120 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 4.94 · Origen | 17.545 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 5.63 · Origen | 10 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 5.64 · Origen | 12 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 248 |
| Against Celsus 7.28 · Origen | 4.563–565 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Martyrdom of Pionius and Companions 4 · Anonymous | 22.412 | allusion, high confidence | 250 (the text may be later) |
| Symposium 4.3 · Methodius of Olympus | 10.510 | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Symposium 8.1 · Methodius of Olympus | 12.39-54 | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd century |
| Symposium 8.13 · Methodius of Olympus | 1.34 | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Symposium 8.16 · Methodius of Olympus | 1.34 | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| On Free Will 1.1 · Methodius of Olympus | 12.39–54 | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| On Free Will 1.4 · Methodius of Olympus | 12.173–177 | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Res. 1.28 · Methodius of Olympus | 12.39 | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Against the Nations 4.25 · Arnobius of Sicca | 8.266–366 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 297–303 |
| Against the Nations 5.41 · Arnobius of Sicca | 8.266–366 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 297–303 |
| Homilies 1.4 · Anonymous | 11.576–600 | allusion, medium confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Homilies 5.6 · Anonymous | 11.576-600 | allusion, medium confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Homilies 5.22 · Anonymous | 11.576-600 | allusion, low confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Recognitions 9.11 · Anonymous | 10.513 | allusion, low confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Recognitions 10.10 · Anonymous | 2.93–105 | allusion, medium confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Divine Institutes 4.7.7 · Lactantius | 4.49 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 1.8.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 4.392 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 2.6.7 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 20.351 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 3.3.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 17.485 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 5.19.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 19.179 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 5.36.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 17.487 | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 5.36.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 6.42 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 6.8.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 1.7 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 6.8.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 1.32–34 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 8.14.66 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 9.108–111 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 10.3.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 2.234 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 10.8.5 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 24.1–2 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 10.8.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 4.219–232 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 10.12.26 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 11.580 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 12.6.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 11.576–600 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 12.6.17 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 11.569 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 12.52.28 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 19.43 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 13.3.24 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 17.485–486 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 13.12.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 12.399 | echo, low confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 13.14.7 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 11.489 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 13.14.9 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 8.266–366 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 14.25.15 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 17.218 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 14.27.8 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 8.325 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 15.4.7 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 11.305–320 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Preparation for the Gospel 15.62.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 4.392 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Epitome of the Divine Institutes 8.3 · Lactantius | 8.266–366 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Against the Heathen 12 · Athanasius of Alexandria | 8.266–366 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 318–325 |
| Life of Constantine 3.54.7 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 4.242 | echo, medium confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Life of Constantine 4.7.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | 1.23 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Oration IV Against the Arians 29 · Athanasius of Alexandria | 2.363 | quotation, high confidence | 4th century (disputed) |
| Letter 1 · Basil of Caesarea | 4.483 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 1 · Basil of Caesarea | 12.165-200 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 14 · Basil of Caesarea | 5.63-74 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 74 · Basil of Caesarea | 1.3 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 74 · Basil of Caesarea | 11.373-376 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 147 · Basil of Caesarea | — | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 186 · Basil of Caesarea | 9.94 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 363 · Basil of Caesarea | 10.495 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Letter 27 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 8.492 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Letter 27 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 11.582-592 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Letter 43 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 11.305-320 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Letter 135 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 4.219-232 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Letter 135 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 11.582-592 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Letter 295 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 4.611 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| Oration 4.60 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 8.266 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Oration 4.60 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 18.85 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Oration 5.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 20.296 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Oration 5.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | 9.369 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Homilies 22.2 · Basil of Caesarea | 6.135 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Homilies 22.2 · Basil of Caesarea | 10.495 | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Homilies 22.8 · Basil of Caesarea | 4.417 | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Letter 14.6 · Jerome | 12 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Letter 78.38 · Jerome | 12 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Letter 82.5 · Jerome | 12 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Letter 117.6 · Jerome | 12.39-54 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 31.29.8 · Epiphanius of Salamis | — | quotation, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| On the Christian Faith 3.1 · Ambrose | 12.158–200 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| On the Life of Moses 427 · Gregory of Nyssa | 10 | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| On the Greatness of the Soul 26 · Augustine of Hippo | 17.291–327 | allusion, high confidence | 387–388 |
| Tractates on the Gospel of John 36.9 · Augustine of Hippo | 12.73 | allusion, low confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| City of God 5.8 · Augustine of Hippo | 18.136–137 | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| City of God 18.17 · Augustine of Hippo | 10 | allusion, medium confidence | 413–426 |