Malachi 3 in the early church
[Vulgate: Malachias]
161 passages quote, allude to, or echo Malachi 3, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18
Malachi 3:1
“Behold, I will send My messenger, who will prepare the way before Me. Then the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to His temple—the Messenger of the covenant, in whom you delight—see, He is coming,” says the LORD of Hosts.
Malachi 3:2
But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He will be like a refiner’s fire, like a launderer’s soap.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:2 | To Diognetus 7.6 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 150–200 (disputed) |
| Mal 3:2 | On Prayer 29.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Mal 3:2 | Against Celsus 4.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Mal 3:2 | Against Celsus 5.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Mal 3:2–3 | Against Celsus 6.25 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Mal 3:2 | Prophetic Extracts 3.31 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Mal 3:2 | Catechetical Lecture 15.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Mal 3:2 | Oration 21.7 · Gregory of Nazianzus | echo, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Mal 3:2 | Exposition of Psalm 118 3.15.3 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Mal 3:2 | Homilies on Matthew 19.11 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Mal 3:2 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.26.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Mal 3:2 | Commentary on the Apostles' Creed 34 · Rufinus of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 404 |
| Mal 3:2 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:2–3 | Part 4, chapter 19 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Malachi 3:3
And He will sit as a refiner and purifier of silver; He will purify the sons of Levi and refine them like gold and silver. Then they will present offerings to the LORD in righteousness.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:3 | Sibylline Oracles 8.411ff. · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Mal 3:3 | On First Principles 2.10.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Mal 3:3 | Homilies on Exodus 6.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Mal 3:3 | Against Celsus 4.13 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Mal 3:3 | To Quirinus 3.57 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Mal 3:3 | Prophetic Extracts 3.31 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Mal 3:3 | Apology for Origen 8.1 · Pamphilus of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 308–310 (Rufinus's Latin about 397) |
| Mal 3:3 | Catechetical Lecture 15.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Mal 3:3 | On the Soul and the Resurrection, Migne page 99 · Gregory of Nyssa | echo, low confidence | ca. 379–380 |
| Mal 3:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.26.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Mal 3:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.26.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Mal 3:3 | Letters 18.10 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Mal 3:3 | The Harmony of the Gospels 1.46 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, low confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| Mal 3:3 | Commentary on the Apostles' Creed 34 · Rufinus of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 404 |
| Mal 3:3–6 | City of God 20.26 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
Malachi 3:5
“Then I will draw near to you for judgment. And I will be a swift witness against sorcerers and adulterers and perjurers, against oppressors of the widowed and fatherless, and against those who defraud laborers of their wages and deny justice to the foreigner but do not fear Me,” says the LORD of Hosts.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:5 | Catechetical Lecture 15.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
Malachi 3:6
“Because I, the LORD, do not change, you descendants of Jacob have not been destroyed.
Malachi 3:7
Yet from the days of your fathers, you have turned away from My statutes and have not kept them. Return to Me, and I will return to you,” says the LORD of Hosts. “But you ask, ‘How can we return?’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:7 | To Vigilius, on Jewish Unbelief 1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Mal 3:7 | Demonstration 14.2 · Aphrahat | quotation, medium confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 3:7 | Demonstration 19.3 · Aphrahat | quotation, medium confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 3:7 | Liber Orsiesii 33 · Orsiesius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Mal 3:7 | Letter 6, chapter 1 · Sixtus III, bishop of Rome | quotation, medium confidence | 432–440 |
Malachi 3:8
Will a man rob God? Yet you are robbing Me! But you ask, ‘How do we rob You?’ In tithes and offerings.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:8 | Oration to the Greeks 10 · Tatian | echo, low confidence | ca. 165–172 |
| Mal 3:8 | Oration 16.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Malachi 3:12
“Then all the nations will call you blessed, for you will be a land of delight,” says the LORD of Hosts.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:12 | Sang. 9 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Mal 3:12 | Letter 129.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 3:12 | Eleven Tractates 5.90 · Priscillian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380–385 |
Malachi 3:13
“Your words against Me have been harsh,” says the LORD. “Yet you ask, ‘What have we spoken against You?’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:13–18 | On Saint Athanasius 1.38 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Mal 3:13 | Liber Orsiesii 15 · Orsiesius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Mal 3:13 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
Malachi 3:14
You have said, ‘It is futile to serve God. What have we gained by keeping His requirements and walking mournfully before the LORD of Hosts?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:14 | PG 12:1523 (Ps 72 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Mal 3:14 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 2.2 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Mal 3:14 | Letter 147.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 3:14 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 43.1.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Mal 3:14 | On the Complaints of Job and David 2.17 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 383-390 |
| Mal 3:14–15 | Sermon 17.4 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Mal 3:14 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:14–15 | City of God 20.28 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:14 | City of God 20.29 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:14 | The Conferences 6.2 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Malachi 3:15
So now we call the arrogant blessed. Not only do evildoers prosper, they even test God and escape.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:15 | Miscellanies 3.4.38 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Mal 3:15 | Letter 147.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 3:15 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 43.1.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Mal 3:15 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:15 | The Conferences 6.2 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Malachi 3:16
At that time those who feared the LORD spoke with one another, and the LORD listened and heard them. So a scroll of remembrance was written before Him regarding those who feared the LORD and honored His name.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:16 | 1 Clement 45.8 · Clement of Rome | echo, medium confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Mal 3:16 | PG 12:1523 (Ps 72 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Mal 3:16 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
Malachi 3:17
“They will be Mine,” says the LORD of Hosts, “on the day when I prepare My treasured possession. And I will spare them as a man spares his own son who serves him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:17 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Mal 3:17–4:3 | City of God 20.27 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
Malachi 3:18
So you will again distinguish between the righteous and the wicked, between those who serve God and those who do not.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 3:18 | Letter 147.2 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 3:18 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |