Numbers 21 in the early church

142 passages quote, allude to, or echo Numbers 21, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 33 · 35

Numbers 21:1

When the Canaanite king of Arad, who lived in the Negev, heard that Israel was coming along the road to Atharim, he attacked Israel and captured some prisoners.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:1Letter 78.36 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:1–9Numbers, lines 523–546 · Cyprianus Gallusallusion, high confidenceearly 5th cent.

Numbers 21:3

And the LORD heard Israel’s plea and delivered up the Canaanites. Israel devoted them and their cities to destruction; so they named the place Hormah.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:3Letter 78.36 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:4

Then they set out from Mount Hor along the route to the Red Sea, in order to bypass the land of Edom. But the people grew impatient on the journey

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:4Letter 78.37 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:4–9On the Life of Moses 413 · Gregory of Nyssaallusion, high confidenceca. 385–395
Num 21:4–9Part 2, chapter 11 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

Numbers 21:5

and spoke against God and against Moses: “Why have you led us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread or water, and we detest this wretched food!”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:5–6Demonstration 14.23 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
Num 21:5Demonstration 20.7 · Aphrahatquotation, medium confidence337-345
Num 21:5–6Commentary on 1 Corinthians 10:8 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 366–384
Num 21:5Letter 78.37 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:6

So the LORD sent venomous snakes among the people, and many of the Israelites were bitten and died.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:6Epistle of Barnabas 12.5 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Num 21:6First Apology 60 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 150–155
Num 21:6Prophetic Extracts 49.2 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 200
Num 21:6Refutation of All Heresies 5.16.6 · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, high confidenceca. 222–235
Num 21:6–9Fragment 37 on John 3:14 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 226-254
Num 21:6Homilies on Exodus 7.4 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:6Homilies on Joshua 4.2 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:6Question 99, section 1 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 370–384
Num 21:6Question 99, section 2 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 370–384
Num 21:6Letter 78.37 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:6Letter 124.15 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:6Book of Heresies 21.1 · Philastrius of Bresciaallusion, high confidenceca. 380s
Num 21:6Apology of the Prophet David 11 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 384-390
Num 21:6On Elijah and Fasting 68 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-390
Num 21:6–9Sermon 6.7 · Augustine of Hippoquotation, high confidenceca. 391-430
Num 21:6–9Sermon 353.2 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 391-430
Num 21:6Tractates on the Gospel of John 12.11 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 406–420
Num 21:6On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence411–412

Numbers 21:7

Then the people came to Moses and said, “We have sinned by speaking against the LORD and against you. Intercede with the LORD so He will take the snakes away from us.” So Moses interceded for the people.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:7Epistle of Barnabas 12.7 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Num 21:7On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence411–412
Num 21:7Enchiridion (Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Love) 44 · Augustine of Hippoquotation, high confidenceca. 421–423

Numbers 21:8

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Make a fiery serpent and mount it on a pole. When anyone who is bitten looks at it, he will live.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:8Epistle of Barnabas 12.6 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Num 21:8Epistle of Barnabas 12.7 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Num 21:8First Apology 60 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 150–155
Num 21:8Dialogue with Trypho 91.4 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:8Dialogue with Trypho 94.1 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:8Dialogue with Trypho 112.1 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:8Dialogue with Trypho 131.4 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:8–9On Idolatry 5 · Tertullianallusion, high confidenceca. 196–211
Num 21:8–9Against the Jews 10 · Tertullianallusion, high confidenceca. 197–207
Num 21:8Against Marcion 2.22 · Tertullianallusion, high confidence207/208 (third edition, completed later)
Num 21:8–9Refutation of All Heresies 5.16.7 · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, high confidenceca. 222–235
Num 21:8–9Demonstration 12.6 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
Num 21:8Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 37.7.2 · Epiphanius of Salamisallusion, high confidence374-377
Num 21:8–9Book of Heresies 21.2 · Philastrius of Bresciaallusion, high confidenceca. 380s
Num 21:8–9Homily 0 · Gregory of Nyssaallusion, high confidenceca. 390–394
Num 21:8–9Sermon 294.11 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 391-430
Num 21:8–9Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 21 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 394
Num 21:8–9Against Faustus the Manichaean 12.30 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Num 21:8Tractates on the Gospel of John 12.11 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 406–420
Num 21:8On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence411–412
Num 21:8–9Commentary on Jeremiah 5.2 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 414-419
Num 21:8–9Part 6 · Eutherius of Tyanaallusion, high confidenceca. 431-440

Numbers 21:9

So Moses made a bronze snake and mounted it on a pole. If anyone who was bitten looked at the bronze snake, he would live.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:9Epistle of Barnabas 12.6 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Num 21:9First Apology 60 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 150–155
Num 21:9Dialogue with Trypho 91.4 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:9Dialogue with Trypho 94.1 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:9Dialogue with Trypho 112.1 · Justin Martyrallusion, high confidenceca. 155–160
Num 21:9Against Heresies 4.2.8 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, medium confidenceca. 180–190
Num 21:9Against Heresies 4.24.1 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
Num 21:9Against All Heresies 2 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceearly 3rd cent. (disputed)
Num 21:9Against Marcion 3.18 · Tertullianallusion, high confidence207/208 (third edition, completed later)
Num 21:9Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 575 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 220-254
Num 21:9Refutation of All Heresies 5.16.12 · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, high confidenceca. 222–235
Num 21:9Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Num 21:9Homilies on Joshua 4.2 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:9Book 2, lines 202–226 · Juvencusallusion, high confidenceca. 330
Num 21:9Catechetical Lecture 13.20 · Cyril of Jerusalemallusion, high confidenceca. 350
Num 21:9Long recension, Smyrnaeans 2 · Anonymousallusion, medium confidencelater 4th century (probable)
Num 21:9Letter 260 · Basil of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 357–378
Num 21:9Oration 4.60 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
Num 21:9Oration 45.22 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidenceca. 362–383
Num 21:9Letter 3.4 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:9Letter 78.37 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:9On the Holy Spirit 14.31 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 374–375
Num 21:9Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 37.7.1 · Epiphanius of Salamisallusion, high confidence374-377
Num 21:9Apology of the Prophet David 11 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 384-390
Num 21:9Exposition of Psalm 118 2.34.2 · Ambroseallusion, medium confidenceca. 386-397
Num 21:9Exposition of Psalm 118 6.15.1 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-397
Num 21:9Sermon 294.13 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 391-430
Num 21:9Against Faustus the Manichaean 14.7 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Num 21:9On the Trinity 3.10 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 399–419
Num 21:9Tractates on the Gospel of John 12.11 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 406–420
Num 21:9On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence411–412
Num 21:9On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 2.43 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence411–412
Num 21:9City of God 10.8 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence413–426

Numbers 21:10

Then the Israelites set out and camped at Oboth.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:10–21Numbers, lines 547–570 · Cyprianus Gallusallusion, high confidenceearly 5th cent.

Numbers 21:11

They journeyed from Oboth and camped at Iye-abarim in the wilderness opposite Moab to the east.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:11Letter 78.39 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:12

From there they set out and camped in the Valley of Zered.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:12Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Num 21:12Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:13

From there they moved on and camped on the other side of the Arnon, in the wilderness that extends into the Amorite territory. Now the Arnon is the border between the Moabites and the Amorites.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:13Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:16

From there they went on to Beer, the well where the LORD said to Moses, “Gather the people so that I may give them water.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:16Homilies on Numbers 12.1 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:16Homilies on Numbers 12.2 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:16Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Num 21:16Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:17

Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, O well, all of you sing to it!

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:17Homilies on Judges 6.3 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:17Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:17Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Num 21:17Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:18

The princes dug the well; the nobles of the people hollowed it out with their scepters and with their staffs.” From the wilderness the Israelites went on to Mattanah,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:18Homilies on Numbers 12.2 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:18Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:18Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Num 21:18Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 240–250
Num 21:18Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:19

and from Mattanah to Nahaliel, and from Nahaliel to Bamoth,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:19Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:19Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:20

and from Bamoth to the valley in Moab where the top of Pisgah overlooks the wasteland.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:20Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:20Letter 78.40 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:21

Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:21Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:21–35Homilies on Numbers 26.3 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:21–35Homilies on Numbers 26.4 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:21–35Demonstration 4.7 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
Num 21:21Oration 4.1 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
Num 21:21–32Numbers, lines 571–596 · Cyprianus Gallusallusion, high confidenceearly 5th cent.

Numbers 21:22

“Let us pass through your land. We will not turn aside into any field or vineyard, or drink water from any well. We will stay on the King’s Highway until we have passed through your territory.”

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:22Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:22Catechetical Lecture 16.5 · Cyril of Jerusalemecho, low confidenceca. 350
Num 21:22On the Life of Moses 417 · Gregory of Nyssaallusion, medium confidenceca. 385–395
Num 21:22Exposition of Psalm 118 15.7.1 · Ambroseecho, medium confidenceca. 386-397
Num 21:22Letters 12.4 · Paulinus of Nolaallusion, medium confidenceca. 394–413
Num 21:22The Conferences 2.2 · John Cassianecho, low confidenceca. 426–429
Num 21:22The Conferences 4.12 · John Cassianecho, low confidenceca. 426–429
Num 21:22Part 8 · Eutherius of Tyanaecho, low confidenceca. 431-440

Numbers 21:23

But Sihon would not let Israel pass through his territory. Instead, he gathered his whole army and went out to confront Israel in the wilderness. When he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:23Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Numbers 21:24

And Israel put him to the sword and took possession of his land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok—but only up to the border of the Ammonites, because it was fortified.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:24Miscellanies 1.24.162 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 198–203
Num 21:24Arabic Pentateuch fragment XIX (on Num 25. 26) · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, medium confidenceunknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena)
Num 21:24Homilies on Joshua 3.2 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:24Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:24Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:24Letter 78.40 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419

Numbers 21:25

Israel captured all the cities of the Amorites and occupied them, including Heshbon and all its villages.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:25Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Numbers 21:26

Heshbon was the city of Sihon king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab and taken all his land as far as the Arnon.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:26Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:26Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 12.8 · Egeriaallusion, high confidenceca. 381-395

Numbers 21:27

That is why the poets say: “Come to Heshbon, let it be rebuilt; let the city of Sihon be restored.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:27Homilies on Numbers 13.2 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Numbers 21:28

For a fire went out from Heshbon, a blaze from the city of Sihon. It consumed Ar of Moab, the rulers of Arnon’s heights.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:28Homilies on Numbers 13.2 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Numbers 21:33

Then they turned and went up the road to Bashan, and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out to meet them in battle at Edrei.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:33Homilies on Joshua 3.2 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:33Homilies on Numbers 13.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Num 21:33Tractates on the Psalms 67.25 · Hilary of Poitiersallusion, medium confidenceca. 360–367
Num 21:33Oration 4.1 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
Num 21:33Letter 78.40 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Num 21:33Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 12.8 · Egeriaallusion, high confidenceca. 381-395

Numbers 21:35

So they struck down Og, along with his sons and his whole army, until no remnant was left. And they took possession of his land.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Num 21:35Arabic Pentateuch fragment XIX (on Num 25. 26) · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, medium confidenceunknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena)
Num 21:35Homilies on Numbers 13.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)