Leviticus 11 in the early church
140 passages quote, allude to, or echo Leviticus 11, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 9 · 10 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 17 · 19 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 27 · 29 · 44 · 46
Leviticus 11:1
The LORD spoke again to Moses and Aaron, telling them,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:1 | On Fasting 5 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Lev 11:1–47 | Against Celsus 8.29 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 11:1–47 | Demonstration 15.1 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 11:1 | Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 3 · Pacian of Barcelona | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Lev 11:1–47 | Oration 15.5 · Gregory of Nazianzus | echo, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Lev 11:1–2 | Leviticus, lines 1–29 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Lev 11:1–47 | Part 2, chapter 7 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Leviticus 11:2
“Say to the Israelites, ‘Of all the beasts of the earth, these ones you may eat:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:2 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 11:2 | Commentary on Romans 2.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Lev 11:2 | Cib. 7 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Lev 11:2 | Altercatio, chapter 3, speech 1 · Evagrius of Gaul | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 400 |
Leviticus 11:3
You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.
Leviticus 11:4
But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:4 | Against Heresies 5.8.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Lev 11:4 | Against Marcion 2.18 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 11:4 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 11:4 | Against Celsus 6.16 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 11:4 | Commentary on Matthew 15.20 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Lev 11:4 | On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:4 | Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Lev 11:4 | Commentary on Romans 14:14 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 11:4–19 | Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 15 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394 |
Leviticus 11:5
The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:5 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 11:6
The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:6 | The Instructor 2.10.83 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 11:6 | The Instructor 2.10.88 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 11:6 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 11:6 | On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:6–12 | Letter 121.10 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 11:6 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Lev 11:6 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 30.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Lev 11:6 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 32.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Leviticus 11:7
And the pig, though it has a split hoof completely divided, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you.
Leviticus 11:9
Of all the creatures that live in the water, whether in the seas or in the streams, you may eat anything with fins and scales.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:9 | The Instructor 2.1.17 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 11:9 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 11:9 | On Jewish Foods 2 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:9 | On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
Leviticus 11:10
But the following among all the teeming life and creatures in the water are detestable to you: everything in the seas or streams that does not have fins and scales.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:10 | Epistle of Barnabas 10.1 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 11:10 | Miscellanies 2.15.67 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 11:10 | Miscellanies 2.20.105 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 11:10 | Against Marcion 2.20 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 11:10 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 11:10 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Lev 11:10 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 30.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Lev 11:10 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 32.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Lev 11:10 | Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 33–36 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 5th century (disputed) |
Leviticus 11:13
Additionally, you are to detest the following birds, and they must not be eaten because they are detestable: the eagle, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:13 | Epistle of Barnabas 10.1 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 11:13 | Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 11:13 | The Instructor 3.11.76 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 11:13 | Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 11:13 | Miscellanies 5.8.52 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 11:13 | On First Principles 4.3.2 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Lev 11:13 | Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Lev 11:13 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 11:13–19 | Against Celsus 4.93 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 11:13 | On Jewish Foods 2 · Novatian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:13 | On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:13 | Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.16 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Lev 11:13 | Hexaemeron 8.3 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370 |
| Lev 11:13–19 | Leviticus, lines 30–50 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Lev 11:13 | Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 33–36 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 5th century (disputed) |
Leviticus 11:14
the kite, any kind of falcon,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:14 | Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 11:14 | The Instructor 3.11.76 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 11:14 | Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Leviticus 11:15
any kind of raven,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:15 | Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 11:15 | Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 11:15 | Demonstration 15.5 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
Leviticus 11:17
the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:17 | Instructions 2.11 · Eucherius of Lyon | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 428-434 |
Leviticus 11:19
the stork, any kind of heron, the hoopoe, and the bat.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:19 | Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 11:21
However, you may eat the following kinds of flying insects that walk on all fours: those having jointed legs above their feet for hopping on the ground.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:21 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 807 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 11:21 | Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 11:21 | Retractations 2.15 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 426-427 |
Leviticus 11:22
Of these you may eat any kind of locust, katydid, cricket, or grasshopper.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:22 | Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 11:22 | Homily on Luke 11 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 233–250 |
Leviticus 11:23
All other flying insects that have four legs are detestable to you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:23 | Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
Leviticus 11:24
These creatures will make you unclean. Whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean until evening,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:24 | Dialogue with Trypho 46.2 · Justin Martyr | allusion, low confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Lev 11:24 | Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
Leviticus 11:27
All the four-footed animals that walk on their paws are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean until evening,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:27 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 11:27 | Demonstration 15.5 · Aphrahat | allusion, medium confidence | 337-345 |
Leviticus 11:29
The following creatures that move along the ground are unclean for you: the mole, the mouse, any kind of great lizard,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:29 | On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 250–258 |
| Lev 11:29 | Symposium 5.6 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd century |
| Lev 11:29 | Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.31 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Lev 11:29 | Commentary on Romans 4:14 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, low confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 11:29 | Commentary on Romans 9:32 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 11:29–32 | Commentary on Titus 1:14 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 11:29 | Commentary on Titus 3:9 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 11:29 | Question 69, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
Leviticus 11:44
For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves, therefore, and be holy, because I am holy. You must not defile yourselves by any creature that crawls along the ground.
Leviticus 11:46
This is the law regarding animals, birds, all living creatures that move in the water, and all creatures that crawl along the ground.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 11:46 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |