Leviticus 11 in the early church

140 passages quote, allude to, or echo Leviticus 11, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 9 · 10 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 17 · 19 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 27 · 29 · 44 · 46

Leviticus 11:1

The LORD spoke again to Moses and Aaron, telling them,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:1On Fasting 5 · Tertullianallusion, medium confidenceca. 210–220
Lev 11:1–47Against Celsus 8.29 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 248
Lev 11:1–47Demonstration 15.1 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345
Lev 11:1Paraenesis, or Exhortation to Penitence 3 · Pacian of Barcelonaallusion, medium confidenceca. 360-390
Lev 11:1–47Oration 15.5 · Gregory of Nazianzusecho, medium confidenceca. 362–383
Lev 11:1–2Leviticus, lines 1–29 · Cyprianus Gallusallusion, high confidenceearly 5th cent.
Lev 11:1–47Part 2, chapter 7 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

Leviticus 11:2

“Say to the Israelites, ‘Of all the beasts of the earth, these ones you may eat:

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:2Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:2Commentary on Romans 2.13 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
Lev 11:2Cib. 7 · Methodius of Olympusallusion, medium confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Lev 11:2Altercatio, chapter 3, speech 1 · Evagrius of Gaulallusion, medium confidenceca. 400

Leviticus 11:3

You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:3Epistle of Barnabas 10.11 · Anonymousquotation, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:3The Instructor 2.1.17 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:3The Instructor 3.11.76 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:3Against Heresies 5.8.4 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
Lev 11:3Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:3Miscellanies 6.6.50 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:3Miscellanies 7.18.109 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:3Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 8 (Song 2:8) · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, high confidenceca. 202-235
Lev 11:3Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:3Homilies on Leviticus 4.9 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:3Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:3Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.181 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Lev 11:3On Jewish Foods 2 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:3On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:3Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympusallusion, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Lev 11:3Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.20 · Eusebius of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 313–324
Lev 11:3Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.23 · Eusebius of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 313–324
Lev 11:3Oration 38.15 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, medium confidenceca. 362–383
Lev 11:3Exposition of Psalm 118 7.25.2 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-397
Lev 11:3Sermon 149.4 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, medium confidenceca. 391-430
Lev 11:3Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:3Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.30 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:3–7Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 33–36 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)
Lev 11:3Part 9 · Eutherius of Tyanaallusion, medium confidenceca. 431-440
Lev 11:3Part 2, chapter 7 · Quodvultdeus of Carthageallusion, high confidenceca. 445-450

Leviticus 11:4

But of those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, you are not to eat the following: The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:4Against Heresies 5.8.4 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
Lev 11:4Against Marcion 2.18 · Tertullianallusion, medium confidence207/208 (third edition, completed later)
Lev 11:4Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:4Against Celsus 6.16 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 248
Lev 11:4Commentary on Matthew 15.20 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 246–248
Lev 11:4On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianquotation, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:4Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympusquotation, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Lev 11:4Commentary on Romans 14:14 · Ambrosiasterquotation, high confidenceca. 366–384
Lev 11:4–19Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 15 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 394

Leviticus 11:5

The rock badger, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:5Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Leviticus 11:6

The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:6The Instructor 2.10.83 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:6The Instructor 2.10.88 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:6Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:6On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:6–12Letter 121.10 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Lev 11:6Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:6Against Faustus the Manichaean 30.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:6Against Faustus the Manichaean 32.3 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, medium confidenceca. 398–400

Leviticus 11:7

And the pig, though it has a split hoof completely divided, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:7Epistle of Barnabas 10.1 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:7The Instructor 3.11.75 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:7Miscellanies 2.15.67 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:7Miscellanies 2.20.105 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:7Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:7Miscellanies 7.6.33 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:7Homilies on Leviticus 7.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:7On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:7Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympusquotation, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Lev 11:7Divine Institutes 4.17.18 · Lactantiusallusion, high confidenceca. 303–311
Lev 11:7Commentary on Matthew 6 · Hilary of Poitiersallusion, medium confidenceca. 353–355
Lev 11:7The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 2.20 · Augustine of Hippoecho, low confidenceca. 393–396
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 4.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, medium confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 6.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 6.7 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 18.2 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Against Faustus the Manichaean 30.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:7Tractates 15 · Gaudentius of Bresciaallusion, high confidenceca. 397-410

Leviticus 11:9

Of all the creatures that live in the water, whether in the seas or in the streams, you may eat anything with fins and scales.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:9The Instructor 2.1.17 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:9Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:9On Jewish Foods 2 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:9On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258

Leviticus 11:10

But the following among all the teeming life and creatures in the water are detestable to you: everything in the seas or streams that does not have fins and scales.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:10Epistle of Barnabas 10.1 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:10Miscellanies 2.15.67 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:10Miscellanies 2.20.105 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:10Against Marcion 2.20 · Tertullianallusion, medium confidence207/208 (third edition, completed later)
Lev 11:10Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:10Against Faustus the Manichaean 16.6 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:10Against Faustus the Manichaean 30.1 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:10Against Faustus the Manichaean 32.3 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, medium confidenceca. 398–400
Lev 11:10Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 33–36 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)

Leviticus 11:13

Additionally, you are to detest the following birds, and they must not be eaten because they are detestable: the eagle, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:13Epistle of Barnabas 10.1 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:13Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:13The Instructor 3.11.76 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:13Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:13Miscellanies 5.8.52 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:13On First Principles 4.3.2 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
Lev 11:13Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Lev 11:13Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Lev 11:13–19Against Celsus 4.93 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 248
Lev 11:13On Jewish Foods 2 · Novatianallusion, medium confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:13On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:13Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.16 · Eusebius of Caesareaallusion, medium confidenceca. 313–324
Lev 11:13Hexaemeron 8.3 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, medium confidenceca. 370
Lev 11:13–19Leviticus, lines 30–50 · Cyprianus Gallusallusion, high confidenceearly 5th cent.
Lev 11:13Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 33–36 · Anonymousallusion, medium confidence5th century (disputed)

Leviticus 11:14

the kite, any kind of falcon,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:14Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymousallusion, medium confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:14The Instructor 3.11.76 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, medium confidenceca. 190–200
Lev 11:14Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 198–203

Leviticus 11:15

any kind of raven,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:15Epistle of Barnabas 10.4 · Anonymousallusion, medium confidenceca. 70–135 (often ca. 130)
Lev 11:15Miscellanies 5.8.51 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:15Demonstration 15.5 · Aphrahatallusion, high confidence337-345

Leviticus 11:17

the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:17Instructions 2.11 · Eucherius of Lyonallusion, medium confidenceca. 428-434

Leviticus 11:19

the stork, any kind of heron, the hoopoe, and the bat.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:19Homilies on Leviticus 7.7 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)

Leviticus 11:21

However, you may eat the following kinds of flying insects that walk on all fours: those having jointed legs above their feet for hopping on the ground.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:21Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 807 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:21Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:21Retractations 2.15 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidence426-427

Leviticus 11:22

Of these you may eat any kind of locust, katydid, cricket, or grasshopper.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:22Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:22Homily on Luke 11 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 233–250

Leviticus 11:23

All other flying insects that have four legs are detestable to you.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:23Fragments on Genesis, column 97 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254

Leviticus 11:24

These creatures will make you unclean. Whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean until evening,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:24Dialogue with Trypho 46.2 · Justin Martyrallusion, low confidenceca. 155–160
Lev 11:24Cib. 8 · Methodius of Olympusallusion, medium confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)

Leviticus 11:27

All the four-footed animals that walk on their paws are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean until evening,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:27Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Lev 11:27Demonstration 15.5 · Aphrahatallusion, medium confidence337-345

Leviticus 11:29

The following creatures that move along the ground are unclean for you: the mole, the mouse, any kind of great lizard,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:29On Jewish Foods 3 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 250–258
Lev 11:29Symposium 5.6 · Methodius of Olympusallusion, medium confidencelate 3rd century
Lev 11:29Preparation for the Gospel 8.9.31 · Eusebius of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 313–324
Lev 11:29Commentary on Romans 4:14 · Ambrosiasterallusion, low confidenceca. 366–384
Lev 11:29Commentary on Romans 9:32 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 366–384
Lev 11:29–32Commentary on Titus 1:14 · Ambrosiasterallusion, medium confidenceca. 366–384
Lev 11:29Commentary on Titus 3:9 · Ambrosiasterallusion, high confidenceca. 366–384
Lev 11:29Question 69, section 2 · Ambrosiasterallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–384

Leviticus 11:44

For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves, therefore, and be holy, because I am holy. You must not defile yourselves by any creature that crawls along the ground.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:44Miscellanies 3.18.110 · Clement of Alexandriaquotation, medium confidenceca. 198–203
Lev 11:44Exhortation to Chastity 1 · Tertullianallusion, medium confidenceca. 208
Lev 11:44Exhortation to Chastity 10 · Tertullianquotation, high confidenceca. 208
Lev 11:44Tractates on the Psalms 134.22 · Hilary of Poitiersquotation, high confidenceca. 360–367
Lev 11:44Against Parmenian the Donatist 2.20 · Optatus of Milevisquotation, medium confidenceca. 366–385
Lev 11:44Liber Orsiesii 54 · Orsiesiusquotation, high confidenceca. 380-390
Lev 11:44Letters 24.6 · Paulinus of Nolaquotation, medium confidenceca. 394–413
Lev 11:44Against the Letter of Parmenian 2.9 · Augustine of Hippoquotation, high confidenceca. 400
Lev 11:44Against the Letter of Parmenian 2.36 · Augustine of Hippoquotation, high confidenceca. 400
Lev 11:44Letter 2, chapter 9 · Innocent I, bishop of Romequotation, high confidence401–417
Lev 11:44Letter 6 to Exsuperius, chapter 1 · Innocent I, bishop of Romequotation, high confidence401–417
Lev 11:44On Man's Perfection in Righteousness 20 · Augustine of Hippoquotation, high confidenceca. 415

Leviticus 11:46

This is the law regarding animals, birds, all living creatures that move in the water, and all creatures that crawl along the ground.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Lev 11:46Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254