Exodus 21 in the early church
141 passages quote, allude to, or echo Exodus 21, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 5 · 6 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 28 · 31 · 33 · 34
Exodus 21:1
“These are the ordinances that you are to set before them:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:1 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 293 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 21:1 | PG 12:1585 (Ps 118 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 21:1 | Homilies on Exodus 10.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:1 | Exposition of Psalm 118 2.29.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Exod 21:1–13 | Exodus, lines 789–817 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 21:2
If you buy a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free without paying anything.
Exodus 21:5
But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children; I do not want to go free,’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:5 | Commentary on Romans 6.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 21:5 | Letter 78.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 21:6
then his master is to bring him before the judges. And he shall take him to the door or doorpost and pierce his ear with an awl. Then he shall serve his master for life.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:6 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 293 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 21:6 | Homilies on Joshua 10.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:6 | Commentary on Romans 6.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 21:6 | Letter 78.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 21:6 | Exposition of Psalm 118 13.6.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Exodus 21:12
Whoever strikes and kills a man must surely be put to death.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:12 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 21:12 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 33.5.6 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| Exod 21:12–22 | Exodus, lines 818–842 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 21:13
If, however, he did not lie in wait, but God allowed it to happen, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:13 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 21:13 | On Cain and Abel 2.15 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 375-378 |
Exodus 21:14
But if a man schemes and acts willfully against his neighbor to kill him, you must take him away from My altar to be put to death.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:14 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:15
Whoever strikes his father or mother must surely be put to death.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:15 | Commentary on Matthew 11.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Exod 21:15 | Commentary on Romans 5.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 21:15 | Commentary on Romans 6.8 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 21:15 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:16
Whoever kidnaps another man must be put to death, whether he sells him or the man is found in his possession.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:16 | Preparation for the Gospel 8.7.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:17
Anyone who curses his father or mother must surely be put to death.
Exodus 21:18
If men are quarreling and one strikes the other with a stone or a fist, and he does not die but is confined to bed,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:18 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:19
then the one who struck him shall go unpunished, as long as the other can get up and walk around outside with his staff. Nevertheless, he must compensate the man for his lost work and see that he is completely healed.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:19 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 21:19 | Letters 188, 189 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
Exodus 21:20
If a man strikes his manservant or maidservant with a rod, and the servant dies by his hand, he shall surely be punished.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:20 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:21
However, if the servant gets up after a day or two, the owner shall not be punished, since the servant is his property.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:21 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:22
If men who are fighting strike a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no further injury, he shall surely be fined as the woman’s husband demands and as the court allows.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:22–25 | On the Soul 37 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210 |
| Exod 21:22 | Homilies on Exodus 10.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:22 | Homilies on Exodus 10.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:22 | Homilies on Exodus 10.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:22–25 | On Saint Athanasius 2.5 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Exod 21:22–23 | Question 23, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Exod 21:22–23 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.3.2 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | ca. 380 |
| Exod 21:22–24 | Part 2, chapter 1 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 21:23
But if a serious injury results, then you must require a life for a life—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:23 | Miscellanies 8.9.30 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 21:23 | Homilies on Exodus 10.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:23 | Homilies on Exodus 10.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:23 | Homilies on Exodus 10.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:23–25 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.48.2 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Exod 21:23–30 | Exodus, lines 843–865 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Exod 21:23–25 | Commonitorium 1.241–270 · Orientius of Auch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-450 |
Exodus 21:24
eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
Exodus 21:25
burn for burn, wound for wound, and stripe for stripe.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:25 | Against Marcion 2.18 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Exod 21:25 | Homilies on Exodus 10.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:25 | Homilies on Exodus 10.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 21:25 | Homilies on Exodus 10.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Exodus 21:26
If a man strikes and blinds the eye of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the eye.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:26 | Preparation for the Gospel 13.21.11 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 21:28
If an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox must surely be stoned, and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the ox shall not be held responsible.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:28 | On First Principles 1.8.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Exod 21:28 | Fragments on Genesis, column 107 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 21:28 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.42.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 21:28 | Letter 78.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 21:31
If the ox gores a son or a daughter, it shall be done to him according to the same rule.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:31–36 | Exodus, lines 866–888 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 21:33
If a man opens or digs a pit and fails to cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:33 | Miscellanies 5.8.53 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 21:33 | Miscellanies 5.8.54 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Exodus 21:34
the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he must pay its owner, and the dead animal will be his.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 21:34 | Miscellanies 5.8.53 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |