Revelation 14 in the early church
[Vulgate: Apocalypse]
114 passages quote, allude to, or echo Revelation 14, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 18 · 19 · 20
Revelation 14:1
Then I looked and saw the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him 144,000 who had His name and His Father’s name written on their foreheads.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:1 | 5 Ezra 2.42 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century |
| Rev 14:1–5 | Commentary on John 1.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:1–4 | Commentary on John 1.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:1 | Commentary on John 1.6 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:1 | To Quirinus 2.22 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rev 14:1–5 | Symposium 1.5 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:1 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 20.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:1–4 | Letter 49.14 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:1 | Hexameron (Exameron) 6.42 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rev 14:1 | Hexameron (Exameron) 6.58 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rev 14:1–5 | Against Jovinianus 1.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | 393 |
| Rev 14:1 | On Holy Virginity 27 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
Revelation 14:2
And I heard a sound from heaven like the roar of many waters and the loud rumbling of thunder. And the sound I heard was like harpists strumming their harps.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:2 | On Holy Virginity 27 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
Revelation 14:3
And they sang a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. And no one could learn the song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:3–4 | Symposium 6.5 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:3 | Symposium 11.2 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:3 | Letter 22.41 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:3–4 | Letter 49.10 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:3 | Letter 120.2 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:3–4 | Against Jovinianus 2.19 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Rev 14:3 | On the Good of Marriage 31 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
| Rev 14:3 | On Holy Virginity 27 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
| Rev 14:3 | On Holy Virginity 29 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
| Rev 14:3 | On the Good of Widowhood 24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414 |
| Rev 14:3 | The Conferences 22.6 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Rev 14:3 | Sermon on the Life of Honoratus 39 · Hilary of Arles | allusion, high confidence | ca. 430 |
Revelation 14:4
These are the ones who have not been defiled with women, for they are virgins. They follow the Lamb wherever He goes. They have been redeemed from among men as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb.
Revelation 14:5
And no lie was found in their mouths; they are blameless.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:5 | Commentary on John 1.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:5 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 20.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:5 | On Holy Virginity 49 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 401 |
| Rev 14:5 | On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 2.8 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 411–412 |
| Rev 14:5 | On Man's Perfection in Righteousness 30 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 415 |
| Rev 14:5 | Against Lying 3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420 |
| Rev 14:5 | Against Lying 33 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 420 |
Revelation 14:6
Then I saw another angel flying overhead, with the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who dwell on the earth—to every nation and tribe and tongue and people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:6 | On First Principles 3.6.8 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rev 14:6 | On First Principles 4.3.13 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rev 14:6 | Commentary on John 1.40 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:6 | Commentary on John 1.83 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:6–7 | Commentary on John 1.84 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 14:6 | Homilies on Leviticus 4.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rev 14:6 | Commentary on Romans 1.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rev 14:6 | Commentary on Romans 1.14 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Rev 14:6–7 | To Fortunatus 2 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 253 or 257 |
| Rev 14:6 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 14.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:6 | Prophetic Extracts 4.30 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Rev 14:6 | Letter 121.9 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:6 | Letter 124.12 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 14:6 | On the Complaints of Job and David 1.30 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 383-390 |
Revelation 14:8
Then a second angel followed, saying, “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great, who has made all the nations drink the wine of the passion of her immorality.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:8 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 14.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 14:8 | Letter 113.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Revelation 14:9
And a third angel followed them, calling out in a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image and receives its mark on his forehead or on his hand,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:9–11 | Letter 58.7 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rev 14:9–11 | Letter 65.1 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Rev 14:9–11 | To Fortunatus 3 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 253 or 257 |
| Rev 14:9 | Eleven Tractates 1.7 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Rev 14:9 | Part 4, chapter 5 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Revelation 14:10
he too will drink the wine of God’s anger, poured undiluted into the cup of His wrath. And he will be tormented in fire and sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and of the Lamb.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:10 | Divine Institutes 7.26.7 · Lactantius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Rev 14:10 | Tractates on the Psalms 59.4 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–367 |
Revelation 14:11
And the smoke of their torment rises forever and ever. Day and night there is no rest for those who worship the beast and its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of its name.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:11 | Commonitorium 2.301–330 · Orientius of Auch | echo, medium confidence | ca. 420-450 |
Revelation 14:13
And I heard a voice from heaven telling me to write, “Blessed are the dead—those who die in the Lord from this moment on.” “Yes,” says the Spirit, “they will rest from their labors, for their deeds will follow them.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:13 | Instructions 1.28 · Commodian | echo, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rev 14:13 | Exposition of Psalm 118 7.12.4 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rev 14:13 | Letter 217.16 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rev 14:13 | Letter 217.22 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Rev 14:13 | City of God 20.9 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Rev 14:13 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 5 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
Revelation 14:14
And I looked and saw a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was One like the Son of Man, with a golden crown on His head and a sharp sickle in His hand.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:14 | Arabic commentary on the Apocalypse, fragment 16 (on Rev 14, 18) · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200-235 |
| Rev 14:14 | On the Crown 15 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 211 |
Revelation 14:15
Then another angel came out of the temple, crying out in a loud voice to the One seated on the cloud, “Swing Your sickle and reap, because the time has come to harvest, for the crop of the earth is ripe.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:15 | Arabic commentary on the Apocalypse, fragment 16 (on Rev 14, 18) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 200-235 |
Revelation 14:18
Still another angel, with authority over the fire, came from the altar and called out in a loud voice to the angel with the sharp sickle, “Swing your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of grapes from the vine of the earth, because its grapes are ripe.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:18 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 14.3 · Victorinus of Pettau | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
Revelation 14:19
So the angel swung his sickle over the earth and gathered the grapes of the earth, and he threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:19 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 14.3 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
Revelation 14:20
And the winepress was trodden outside the city, and the blood that flowed from it rose as high as the bridles of the horses for a distance of 1,600 stadia.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 14:20 | 6 Ezra 15.35 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 3rd century |
| Rev 14:20 | Divine Institutes 7.19.5 · Lactantius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Rev 14:20 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 67.1 · Lactantius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 314–320 |