Ecclesiastes 4 in the early church

53 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ecclesiastes 4, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16

Ecclesiastes 4:1

Again I looked, and I considered all the oppression taking place under the sun. I saw the tears of the oppressed, and they had no comforter; the power lay in the hands of their oppressors, and there was no comforter.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:1Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century

Ecclesiastes 4:2

So I admired the dead, who had already died, above the living, who are still alive.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:2Exhortation to Martyrdom 22 · Origenquotation, high confidence235
Eccl 4:2Homilies on Numbers 7.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Eccl 4:2–3Homilies on Psalms 36-38 8.10 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Eccl 4:2Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:2Commentary on Romans 3.2 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
Eccl 4:2Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympusquotation, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Eccl 4:2Tractates on the Psalms 119.18 · Hilary of Poitiersquotation, high confidenceca. 360–367
Eccl 4:2Exposition of Psalm 118 18.3.3 · Ambrosequotation, high confidenceca. 386-397
Eccl 4:2Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 5 · Eucherius of Lyonquotation, high confidenceca. 420-430

Ecclesiastes 4:3

But better than both is he who has not yet existed, who has not seen the evil that is done under the sun.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:3Homilies on Numbers 7.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Eccl 4:3Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:3Commentary on Romans 3.2 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
Eccl 4:3Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympusquotation, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Eccl 4:3Exposition of Psalm 118 18.3.3 · Ambrosequotation, high confidenceca. 386-397

Ecclesiastes 4:4

I saw that all labor and success spring from a man’s envy of his neighbor. This too is futile and a pursuit of the wind.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:4Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:4Homilies 11.4 · Basil of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 363-378

Ecclesiastes 4:5

The fool folds his hands and consumes his own flesh.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:5Apostolic Constitutions 2.4.5 · Anonymousquotation, high confidenceca. 380
Eccl 4:5Apostolic Constitutions 2.63.5 · Anonymousquotation, high confidenceca. 380

Ecclesiastes 4:6

Better one handful with tranquility than two handfuls with toil and pursuit of the wind.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:6Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:6The Conferences 24.13 · John Cassianquotation, high confidenceca. 426–429

Ecclesiastes 4:8

There is a man all alone, without even a son or brother. And though there is no end to his labor, his eyes are still not content with his wealth: “For whom do I toil and bereave my soul of enjoyment?” This too is futile—a miserable task.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:8Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:8–10Tractates on Matthew 8.3 · Chromatius of Aquileiaquotation, high confidenceca. 388–407

Ecclesiastes 4:9

Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their labor.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:9Fragments on Luke, column 351 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Eccl 4:9Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:9–10Fragment E III (on Ecclesiastes) · Dionysius of Alexandriaquotation, high confidenceca. 248–265
Eccl 4:9Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.27 · Pacian of Barcelonaquotation, high confidenceca. 360-390
Eccl 4:9On Virginity 23 · Gregory of Nyssaquotation, high confidenceca. 370–371
Eccl 4:9Letter 76.1 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419
Eccl 4:9Ancoratus 18.4 · Epiphanius of Salamisquotation, high confidence374

Ecclesiastes 4:10

For if one falls down, his companion can lift him up; but pity the one who falls without another to help him up!

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:10Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:10On Virginity 23 · Gregory of Nyssaquotation, high confidenceca. 370–371
Eccl 4:10Letter 76.1 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419
Eccl 4:10Sermon 170 · Peter Chrysologusquotation, high confidenceca. 425-450

Ecclesiastes 4:11

Again, if two lie down together, they will keep warm; but how can one keep warm alone?

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:11Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century

Ecclesiastes 4:12

And though one may be overpowered, two can resist. Moreover, a cord of three strands is not quickly broken.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:12Homilies on Exodus 9.3 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Eccl 4:12Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:12Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.27 · Pacian of Barcelonaquotation, high confidenceca. 360-390
Eccl 4:12Oration 34.8 · Gregory of Nazianzusecho, low confidenceca. 362–383
Eccl 4:12Letter 76.1 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419
Eccl 4:12Letter 82.11 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–419
Eccl 4:12Book of Heresies 153.4 · Philastrius of Bresciaquotation, high confidenceca. 380s
Eccl 4:12On Fleeing the World 54 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 387-391
Eccl 4:12Letters 23.30 · Paulinus of Nolaallusion, high confidenceca. 394–413

Ecclesiastes 4:13

Better is a poor but wise youth than an old but foolish king who no longer knows how to take a warning.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:13Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:13Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidencebefore 325 (probably ca. 310–320)
Eccl 4:13Prophetic Extracts 3.5 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidencebefore 325 (probably ca. 310–320)
Eccl 4:13Ancoratus 18.4 · Epiphanius of Salamisquotation, high confidence374

Ecclesiastes 4:14

For the youth has come from the prison to the kingship, though he was born poor in his own kingdom.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:14Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:14Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidencebefore 325 (probably ca. 310–320)

Ecclesiastes 4:15

I saw that all who lived and walked under the sun followed this second one, the youth who succeeded the king.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:15Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidencebefore 325 (probably ca. 310–320)

Ecclesiastes 4:16

There is no limit to all the people who were before them. Yet the successor will not be celebrated by those who come even later. This too is futile and a pursuit of the wind.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Eccl 4:16Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgusallusion, high confidence3rd century
Eccl 4:16Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidencebefore 325 (probably ca. 310–320)