1 Kings 21 in the early church
[LXX: 3 Kingdoms; Vulgate: 3 Kings]
116 passages quote, allude to, or echo 1 Kings 21, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 13 · 16 · 17 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29
1 Kings 21:1
Some time after these events, Naboth the Jezreelite owned a vineyard in Jezreel next to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:1–16 (3 Kgdms 20:1-1Kgs LXX) | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 1.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| 1 Kgs 21:1–24 | Demonstration 14.10 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1–16 | Demonstration 14.23 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1–16 | Demonstration 14.40 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1 | Defence before Constantius 20 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 353–357 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1 | History of the Arians 45 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1 | On Naboth 1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1 | On Naboth 5 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1 (3 Kgdms 20:1 LXX) | On Naboth 6 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1–16 | Letter 185.41 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| 1 Kgs 21:1–24 | Homilies on Matthew 90.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
1 Kings 21:2
So Ahab said to Naboth, “Give me your vineyard to use as a vegetable garden, since it is next to my palace. I will give you a better vineyard in its place—or if you prefer, I will give you its value in silver.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | History of the Arians 53 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | Letter 147.9 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | On Naboth 5 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 (3 Kgdms 20:2 LXX) | On Naboth 6 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 (3 Kgdms 20:2 LXX) | On Naboth 8 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 (3 Kgdms 20:2 LXX) | On Naboth 9 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 (3 Kgdms 20:2 LXX) | On Naboth 10 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 (3 Kgdms 20:2 LXX) | On Naboth 11 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | On the Duties of the Clergy 3.9 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | Homilies on Matthew 86.3 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 35.15.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| 1 Kgs 21:2 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.19.1 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
1 Kings 21:3
But Naboth replied, “The LORD forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my fathers.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:3 (3 Kgdms 20:3 LXX) | On Naboth 6 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:3 (3 Kgdms 20:3 LXX) | On Naboth 13 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:3 | On the Duties of the Clergy 2.5 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:3 | On the Duties of the Clergy 3.9 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 35.15.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| 1 Kgs 21:3 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.19.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
1 Kings 21:4
So Ahab went to his palace, sullen and angry because Naboth the Jezreelite had told him, “I will not give you the inheritance of my fathers.” He lay down on his bed, turned his face away, and refused to eat.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:4 (3 Kgdms 20:4 LXX) | On Naboth 6 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:4 (3 Kgdms 20:4 LXX) | On Naboth 14 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:4 (3 Kgdms 20:4 LXX) | On Naboth 15 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
1 Kings 21:7
But his wife Jezebel said to him, “Do you not reign over Israel? Get up, eat some food, and be cheerful, for I will get you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:7 | Oration 35.2 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 21:7 (3 Kgdms 20:7 LXX) | On Naboth 41 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:7 (3 Kgdms 20:7 LXX) | On Naboth 42 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:7 (3 Kgdms 20:7 LXX) | On Naboth 43 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
1 Kings 21:8
Then Jezebel wrote letters in Ahab’s name, sealed them with his seal, and sent them to the elders and nobles who lived with Naboth in his city.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:8–13 | Demonstration 3.4 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8 | Defence of His Flight 3 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8 | Question 110, section 6 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8 (3 Kgdms 20:8 LXX) | On Naboth 43 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8 | Homilies on Matthew 35.1 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8–13 | Apology against Jerome 1.19 · Rufinus of Aquileia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 401 |
| 1 Kgs 21:8–13 | Apologetic Book 8.5 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 415–416 |
1 Kings 21:9
In the letters she wrote: “Proclaim a fast and give Naboth a seat of honor among the people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:9–10 (3 Kgdms 20:9-1Kgs LXX) | On Saint Athanasius 1.18 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| 1 Kgs 21:9 (3 Kgdms 20:9 LXX) | On Naboth 43 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
1 Kings 21:10
But seat two scoundrels opposite him and have them testify, ‘You have cursed both God and the king!’ Then take him out and stone him to death.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:10–13 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.49.3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| 1 Kgs 21:10 (3 Kgdms 20:10 LXX) | On Naboth 43 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:10 (3 Kgdms 20:10 LXX) | On Naboth 46 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:10 | Against Lying 24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 420 |
1 Kings 21:13
And the two scoundrels came in and sat opposite Naboth, and these men testified against him before the people, saying, “Naboth has cursed both God and the king!” So they took him outside the city and stoned him to death.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | Homilies 7.4 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | On the Destruction of Jerusalem 5.32 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | Question 110, section 6 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | Letter 118.3 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | On Naboth 1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 (3 Kgdms 20:13 LXX) | On Naboth 46 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | On the Duties of the Clergy 2.5 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.19.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| 1 Kgs 21:13 | Against Lying 24 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 420 |
1 Kings 21:16
And when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, he got up and went down to take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:16 (3 Kgdms 20:16 LXX) | On Naboth 47 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
1 Kings 21:17
Then the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:17 | Bordeaux Pilgrim 586 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 333 |
| 1 Kgs 21:17–24 (3 Kgdms 20:17-1Kgs LXX) | On Saint Athanasius 1.19 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
1 Kings 21:19
Tell him that this is what the LORD says: ‘Have you not murdered a man and seized his land?’ Then tell him that this is also what the LORD says: ‘In the place where the dogs licked up the blood of Naboth, there also the dogs will lick up your blood—yes, yours!’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | On Fasting 7 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Demonstration 3.4 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Demonstration 9.8 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Oration 5.2 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Letter 77.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Letter 147.9 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 (3 Kgdms 20:19 LXX) | On Naboth 48 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Homilies on Matthew 24.4 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:19 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.43.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
1 Kings 21:20
When Elijah arrived, Ahab said to him, “So you have found me out, my enemy.” He replied, “I have found you out because you have sold yourself to do evil in the sight of the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:20 | Fragments on Proverbs, column 185 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 21:20 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.10.4 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| 1 Kgs 21:20 (3 Kgdms 20:20 LXX) | On Naboth 50 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:20 (3 Kgdms 20:20 LXX) | On Naboth 51 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:20 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.43.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
1 Kings 21:21
This is what the LORD says: ‘I will bring calamity on you and consume your descendants; I will cut off from Ahab every male in Israel, both slave and free.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:21 | Letter 77.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:21 | The Conferences 6.11 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
1 Kings 21:22
I will make your house like that of Jeroboam son of Nebat and like that of Baasha son of Ahijah, because you have provoked My anger and caused Israel to sin.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:22 | The Conferences 6.11 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
1 Kings 21:23
And the LORD also speaks concerning Jezebel: ‘The dogs will devour Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:23 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:23 (3 Kgdms 20:23 LXX) | On Naboth 49 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:23 | On the Duties of the Clergy 3.9 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:23 | The Conferences 6.11 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
1 Kings 21:24
Anyone belonging to Ahab who dies in the city will be eaten by dogs, and anyone who dies in the field will be eaten by the birds of the air.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:24 | The Conferences 6.11 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
1 Kings 21:25
(Surely there was never one like Ahab, who sold himself to do evil in the sight of the LORD, incited by his wife Jezebel.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:25 | PG 12:1143 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 21:25 | Letter 77.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:25 (3 Kgdms 20:25 LXX) | On Naboth 70 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
1 Kings 21:26
He committed the most detestable acts by going after idols, just like the Amorites whom the LORD had driven out before the Israelites.)
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:26 | PG 12:1143 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
1 Kings 21:27
When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and fasted. He lay down in sackcloth and walked around meekly.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | On Fasting 7 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | On Modesty 6 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | PG 12:1143 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27–29 | Catechetical Lecture 2.13 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | History of the Arians 68 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | Question 102, section 5 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | Letter 77.4 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | Letter 147.9 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 (3 Kgdms 20:27 LXX) | On Naboth 70 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.37.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| 1 Kgs 21:27–29 | Against Jovinianus 2.15 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
1 Kings 21:28
Then the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:28 | PG 12:1143 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
1 Kings 21:29
“Have you seen how Ahab has humbled himself before Me? Because he has humbled himself before Me, I will not bring the calamity during his days, but I will bring it upon his house in the days of his son.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Against Marcion 4.10 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Against Marcion 5.11 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | On Fasting 7 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | PG 12:1145 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Homily on Isaiah 4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 235–250 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 (3 Kgdms 20:29 LXX) | Homilies on Leviticus 9.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 (3 Kgdms 20:29 LXX) | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 6.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Against the Manichees, Greek continuation of book 3, Lagarde p. 98 · Titus of Bostra | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360s |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Commentary on 2 Corinthians 2:6–7 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Question 102, section 5 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Letter 77.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Letter 122.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Letter 147.9 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 (3 Kgdms 20:29 LXX) | On Naboth 70 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| 1 Kgs 21:29 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.37.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |