Leviticus 19 in the early church
161 passages quote, allude to, or echo Leviticus 19, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 2 · 3 · 4 · 6 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 23 · 24 · 26 · 27 · 29 · 31 · 32 · 34 · 35 · 36
Leviticus 19:2
“Speak to the whole congregation of Israel and tell them: Be holy because I, the LORD your God, am holy.
Leviticus 19:3
Each of you must respect his mother and father, and you must keep My Sabbaths. I am the LORD your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:3 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.36.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Leviticus 19:4
Do not turn to idols or make for yourselves molten gods. I am the LORD your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:4 | Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting 2 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 211–213 |
| Lev 19:4 | Lines 669–692 · Commodian | quotation, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
Leviticus 19:6
It shall be eaten on the day you sacrifice it, or on the next day; but what remains on the third day must be burned up.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:6 | Apostolic Constitutions 4.10.2 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Leviticus 19:9
When you reap the harvest of your land, you are not to reap to the very edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:9 | Miscellanies 2.18.85 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 19:9 | Preparation for the Gospel 8.7.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | echo, low confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Lev 19:9–10 | Demonstration 20.2 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 19:9–14 | Leviticus, lines 127–149 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Leviticus 19:10
You must not strip your vineyard bare or gather its fallen grapes. Leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the LORD your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:10 | Miscellanies 2.18.86 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Leviticus 19:11
You must not steal. You must not lie or deceive one another.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:11–18 | On Saint Athanasius 1.4 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
Leviticus 19:12
You must not swear falsely by My name and so profane the name of your God. I am the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:12 | Homilies on Matthew 17.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Lev 19:12 | Sermon 180.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Lev 19:12 | The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.17 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 393–396 |
Leviticus 19:13
You must not defraud your neighbor or rob him. You must not withhold until morning the wages due a hired hand.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:13 | To Quirinus 3.81 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Lev 19:13 | Demonstration 20.3 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 19:13 | On Tobit 92 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Lev 19:13 | Sermon 38.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, low confidence | ca. 391-430 |
Leviticus 19:14
You must not curse the deaf or place a stumbling block before the blind, but you shall fear your God. I am the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:14 | Oration 42.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Leviticus 19:15
You must not pervert justice; you must not show partiality to the poor or favoritism to the rich; you are to judge your neighbor fairly.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:15 | Epistle of the Apostles 26 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 140-170 |
| Lev 19:15 | Epistle of the Apostles 47 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 140-170 |
| Lev 19:15 | Letters 298, 299 · Basil of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Lev 19:15 | Letter 79.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 19:15 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.5.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:15 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.41.9 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:15 | Exposition of Psalm 118 16.13.3 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Lev 19:15–20 | Leviticus, lines 150–173 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Leviticus 19:17
You must not harbor hatred against your brother in your heart. Directly rebuke your neighbor, so that you will not incur guilt on account of him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:17 | Didache 2.7 · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | ca. 50–150 (often ca. 100) |
| Lev 19:17 | Against Marcion 4.35 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:17 | Demonstration 14.44 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 19:17 | Oration 33.1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | echo, low confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Lev 19:17 | Letter 148.16 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 19:17 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.53.6 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:17 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.5.3 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:17 | Liber Orsiesii 9 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Lev 19:17 | The Institutes 8.15 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
Leviticus 19:18
Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against any of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:18 | Didache 1.2 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 50–150 (often ca. 100) |
| Lev 19:18 | Epistle of Barnabas 19.5 · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 19:18 | Sibylline Oracles 8.481ff. · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Lev 19:18 | Exhortation to the Greeks 10.108 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Heresies 4.12.3 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Lev 19:18 | Against the Jews 2 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 197–207 |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Marcion 1.23 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Marcion 2.17 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Marcion 5.4 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Marcion 5.8 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:18 | Against Marcion 5.14 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 19:18 | Homily on Luke 34 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–250 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.71 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Matthew 15.13 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Romans 5.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Romans 9.31 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Lev 19:18 | Apostolic Church Order 4 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 300 |
| Lev 19:18 | Homilies 12.26 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Lev 19:18 | Homilies 12.32 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 4th century (reworking earlier material) |
| Lev 19:18 | Book 3, lines 498–521 · Juvencus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 330 |
| Lev 19:18 | Book 4, lines 26–50 · Juvencus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 330 |
| Lev 19:18 | Demonstration 2.7 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 19:18 | Demonstration 9.2 · Aphrahat | allusion, medium confidence | 337-345 |
| Lev 19:18 | On Ecclesiastical Theology 2.19.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Matthew 4 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 353–355 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Matthew 19 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 353–355 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Matthew 23 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 353–355 |
| Lev 19:18 | On the Trinity 9.24 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–360 |
| Lev 19:18 | On Saint Athanasius 2.16 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Lev 19:18 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.21.6 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Galatians 5.14 · Marius Victorinus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–363 |
| Lev 19:18 | Homilies 7.1 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on 2 Corinthians 8:13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Galatians 5:14 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Romans 12:17 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Romans 13:8–9 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 132.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 132.19 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 19:18 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.25.3 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:18 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.36.4 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:18 | Apostolic Constitutions 6.23.1 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:18 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.2.1 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:18 | Homily 7 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 379–394 |
| Lev 19:18 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.50 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Lev 19:18 | Exposition of Psalm 118 17.10.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 177.10 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 189.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 196.16 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 204.5 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 233.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Homilies on Matthew 18.3 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Lev 19:18 | Homilies on Matthew 71.1 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commentary on Ephesians 5:33 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386 |
| Lev 19:18 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 1.19.3 · Ambrose | echo, low confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Lev 19:18 | On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 1.28 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387–389 |
| Lev 19:18 | Tractates on Matthew 12.1 · Chromatius of Aquileia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 388–407 |
| Lev 19:18 | Sermon 74.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Sermon 85.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Lev 19:18 | Sermon 385.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Lev 19:18 | The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.21 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 393–396 |
| Lev 19:18 | On Lying 9 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 395 |
| Lev 19:18 | On the Faith against the Manichaeans 39 · Evodius of Uzalis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 400-424 |
| Lev 19:18 | On Christian Doctrine 1.22 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427 |
| Lev 19:18 | The Harmony of the Gospels 2.141 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 399–400 |
| Lev 19:18 | Literal Commentary on Genesis 12.6 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 401–415 |
| Lev 19:18 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 65.1 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Lev 19:18 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 65.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Lev 19:18 | On the Christian Life 8 · Fastidius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 411-430 |
| Lev 19:18 | City of God 1.20 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Lev 19:18 | Apologetic Book 31.4 · Orosius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 415–416 |
| Lev 19:18 | Letter 3, chapter 4 · Zosimus, bishop of Rome | quotation, medium confidence | 417–418 |
| Lev 19:18 | The Institutes 8.15 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 419–426 |
| Lev 19:18 | Commonitorium 1.151–180 · Orientius of Auch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-450 |
| Lev 19:18 | Book 2, section 13 · Sedulius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Lev 19:18 | The Conferences 19.14 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Leviticus 19:19
You are to keep My statutes. You shall not crossbreed two different kinds of livestock; you shall not sow your fields with two kinds of seed; and you shall not wear clothing made of two kinds of material.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:19 | Hexameron (Exameron) 5.9 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Lev 19:19 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 6.1 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 398–400 |
Leviticus 19:20
If a man lies carnally with a slave girl promised to another man but who has not been redeemed or given her freedom, there must be due punishment. But they are not to be put to death, because she had not been freed.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:20 | On Modesty 20 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
| Lev 19:20–37 | Leviticus, lines 174–199 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Leviticus 19:23
When you enter the land and plant any kind of tree for food, you shall regard the fruit as forbidden. For three years it will be forbidden to you and must not be eaten.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:23 | Miscellanies 2.18.95 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 19:23–24 | Commentary on John 6.144 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
Leviticus 19:24
In the fourth year all its fruit must be consecrated as a praise offering to the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:24 | Miscellanies 2.18.95 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 19:24 | Commentary on John 6.145 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
Leviticus 19:26
You must not eat anything with blood still in it. You must not practice divination or sorcery.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:26 | Homilies on Numbers 16.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 19:26 | Against Celsus 4.95 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 19:26 | To Quirinus 3.82 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Lev 19:26 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.62.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Lev 19:26 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.6.2 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Leviticus 19:27
You must not cut off the hair at the sides of your head or clip off the edges of your beard.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:27 | Commentary on Matthew 15.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Lev 19:27 | To Quirinus 3.83 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Lev 19:27 | To Quirinus 3.84 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Lev 19:27 | On the Lapsed 30 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 251 |
| Lev 19:27 | Apostolic Constitutions 1.3.9 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Leviticus 19:29
You must not defile your daughter by making her a prostitute, or the land will be prostituted and filled with depravity.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:29 | The Instructor 3.3.22 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
Leviticus 19:31
You must not turn to mediums or spiritists; do not seek them out, or you will be defiled by them. I am the LORD your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:31 | Homilies on Numbers 16.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 19:31 | Against Celsus 1.26 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 19:31 | Against Celsus 5.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 19:31 | On the Witch of Endor 11 · Eustathius of Antioch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 324–337 |
| Lev 19:31 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.62.2 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Leviticus 19:32
You are to rise in the presence of the elderly, honor the aged, and fear your God. I am the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:32 | To Quirinus 3.85 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Lev 19:32 | Preparation for the Gospel 8.8.40 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Lev 19:32 | On Saint Athanasius 1.4 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
Leviticus 19:34
You must treat the foreigner living among you as native-born and love him as yourself, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the LORD your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:34 | Miscellanies 2.18.88 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Leviticus 19:35
You must not use dishonest measures of length, weight, or volume.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:35 | Miscellanies 5.5.30 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 19:35–36 | On Saint Athanasius 1.4 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
Leviticus 19:36
You shall maintain honest scales and weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 19:36 | The Conferences 21.22 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |