Ezekiel 1 in the early church
[Vulgate: Ezechiel]
104 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ezekiel 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 10 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 20 · 22 · 23 · 26 · 27 · 28
Ezekiel 1 as a whole
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1–Ezek:48 | Canon 60 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 343–381 |
| Ezek 1–Ezek:48 | Canon 47 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 397 |
Ezekiel 1:1
In the thirtieth year, on the fifth day of the fourth month, while I was among the exiles by the River Kebar, the heavens opened and I saw visions of God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.10 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.62 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Ezek 1:1 | Against Celsus 1.43 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Against Celsus 1.48 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Letter 13 · Ammonas | allusion, high confidence | ca. 340-360 |
| Ezek 1:1–3 | Question 14, section 5 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Letter 46.2 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Letter 53.4 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Letter 78.32 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:1–3 | On the Holy Spirit 23.54 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Ancoratus 53.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374 |
| Ezek 1:1–3 | On Cain and Abel 2.36 · Ambrose | allusion, low confidence | ca. 375-378 |
| Ezek 1:1 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.35.2 · Ambrose | allusion, low confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Ezek 1:1–3 | Commentary on Jeremiah 1.1 · Jerome | allusion, low confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Ezekiel 1:2
On the fifth day of the month—it was the fifth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:2 | Miscellanies 1.21.122 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Ezek 1:2 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:2 | Commentary on Jeremiah 5.56 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
| Ezek 1:2 | Commentary on Jeremiah 5.64 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Ezekiel 1:3
the word of the LORD came directly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the River Kebar. And there the LORD’s hand was upon him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:3 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:3 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:3 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.10 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:3 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Ezekiel 1:4
I looked and saw a whirlwind coming from the north, a great cloud with fire flashing back and forth and brilliant light all around it. In the center of the fire was a gleam like amber,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:4–28 | Commentary on John 6.23 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Ezek 1:4 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:4 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.12 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:4 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.13 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:4 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.14 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:4–28 | Against Celsus 6.18 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 1:4 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 1:4 | Homilies on Matthew 11.5 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Ezek 1:4 | Against Jovinianus 1.33 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
Ezekiel 1:5
and within it was the form of four living creatures. And this was their appearance: They had a human form,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:5–10 | On Ezekiel (Syriac fragment I, on Ezek 1:5-10) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 200-235 |
| Ezek 1:5 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:5 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:5 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:5 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 1:5–21 | Letter 53.9 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:5–14 | Letter 66.2 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:5–10 | Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 43–45 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 5th century (disputed) |
| Ezek 1:5 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 10 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
| Ezek 1:5–10 | Prayers 1–30 · Orientius of Auch | allusion, medium confidence | 5th-6th century(?) |
Ezekiel 1:6
but each had four faces and four wings.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:6 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:6 | Letter 13 · Ammonas | allusion, high confidence | ca. 340-360 |
| Ezek 1:6 | Catechetical Lecture 9.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
Ezekiel 1:7
Their legs were straight, and the soles of their feet were like the hooves of a calf, gleaming like polished bronze.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:7 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
Ezekiel 1:10
The form of their faces was that of a man, and each of the four had the face of a lion on the right side, the face of an ox on the left side, and also the face of an eagle.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:10 | Against Heresies 3.11.8 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:10 | Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:10 | Homilies on Leviticus 5.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 1:10 | Res. 2.9 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Ezek 1:10 | Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Letter 13 · Ammonas | allusion, high confidence | ca. 340-360 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Book of Heresies 56.1 · Philastrius of Brescia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Ezek 1:10 | Book of Heresies 139.1 · Philastrius of Brescia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Ezek 1:10 | Book of Heresies 155.9 · Philastrius of Brescia | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380s |
| Ezek 1:10 | Homilies on Matthew 12.3 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Against Jovinianus 1.26 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 36.5 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Book 1, lines 337–368 · Sedulius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Ezek 1:10 | Book 1, section 31 · Sedulius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Ezekiel 1:12
Each creature went straight ahead. Wherever the spirit would go, they would go, without turning as they moved.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:12 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
Ezekiel 1:13
In the midst of the living creatures was the appearance of glowing coals of fire, or of torches. Fire moved back and forth between the living creatures; it was bright, and lightning flashed out of it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:13 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:13 | On the Trinity 8 · Novatian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 240–250 |
Ezekiel 1:14
The creatures were darting back and forth as quickly as flashes of lightning.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:14 | Demonstration 18.4 · Aphrahat | allusion, medium confidence | 337-345 |
Ezekiel 1:15
When I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the ground beside each creature with its four faces.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:15 | Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 1:15 | Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Ezek 1:15 | Letter 22.19 · Jerome | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:15–27 | Letter 64.18 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Ezekiel 1:16
The workmanship of the wheels looked like the gleam of beryl, and all four had the same likeness. Their workmanship looked like a wheel within a wheel.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:16 | PG 12:1519 (Ps 71 LXX) · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 1:16 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:16 | Homilies on Joshua 3.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 1:16 | Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Ezek 1:16 | Letter 37.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 1:16 | On Jacob and the Happy Life 2.49 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Ezek 1:16 | Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Ezek 1:16 | Homily 14 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Ezek 1:16 | Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 43–45 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 5th century (disputed) |
Ezekiel 1:17
As they moved, they went in any of the four directions, without pivoting as they moved.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:17 | Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Ezekiel 1:18
Their rims were high and awesome, and all four rims were full of eyes all around.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:18 | On the Trinity 8 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Ezek 1:18 | Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
Ezekiel 1:20
Wherever the spirit would go, they would go, and the wheels would rise alongside them, because the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:20 | Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Ezekiel 1:22
Spread out above the heads of the living creatures was the likeness of an awesome expanse, gleaming like crystal.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:22 | On the Trinity 8 · Novatian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Ezek 1:22 | Letter 69.6 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Ezekiel 1:23
And under the expanse, their wings stretched out toward one another. Each one also had two wings covering its body.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:23 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 4 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
Ezekiel 1:26
Above the expanse over their heads was the likeness of a throne with the appearance of sapphire, and on the throne high above was a figure like that of a man.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:26 | Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Ezek 1:26 | Commentary on Matthew 16.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 1:26 | Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 19 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | 380 |
Ezekiel 1:27
From what seemed to be His waist up, I saw a gleam like amber, with what looked like fire within it all around. And from what seemed to be His waist down, I saw what looked like fire; and brilliant light surrounded Him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:27 | Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Ezek 1:27 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 1:27 | Homilies on Jeremiah 11.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240 |
| Ezek 1:27 | Against Eunomius 1.14 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 364 |
Ezekiel 1:28
The appearance of the brilliant light all around Him was like that of a rainbow in a cloud on a rainy day. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell facedown and heard a voice speaking.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 1:28 | Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Ezek 1:28 | Against Praxeas 14 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 213 or later |
| Ezek 1:28 | Against Celsus 1.43 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 1:28 | Catechetical Lecture 9.1 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 1:28 | Against the Arians 17 · Phoebadius of Agen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357-358 |