Ezekiel 1 in the early church

[Vulgate: Ezechiel]

104 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ezekiel 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 10 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 20 · 22 · 23 · 26 · 27 · 28

Ezekiel 1 as a whole

ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1–Ezek:48Canon 60 · Anonymousallusion, high confidenceca. 343–381
Ezek 1–Ezek:48Canon 47 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence397

Ezekiel 1:1

In the thirtieth year, on the fifth day of the fourth month, while I was among the exiles by the River Kebar, the heavens opened and I saw visions of God.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.5 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.6 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.7 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.8 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Homilies on Ezekiel 1.10 · Origenquotation, medium confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:1Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.62 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Ezek 1:1Against Celsus 1.43 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 248
Ezek 1:1Against Celsus 1.48 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 248
Ezek 1:1Letter 13 · Ammonasallusion, high confidenceca. 340-360
Ezek 1:1–3Question 14, section 5 · Ambrosiasterallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–384
Ezek 1:1Letter 46.2 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:1Letter 53.4 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:1Letter 78.32 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:1–3On the Holy Spirit 23.54 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 374–375
Ezek 1:1Ancoratus 53.2 · Epiphanius of Salamisallusion, high confidence374
Ezek 1:1–3On Cain and Abel 2.36 · Ambroseallusion, low confidenceca. 375-378
Ezek 1:1Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.35.2 · Ambroseallusion, low confidenceca. 387-397
Ezek 1:1–3Commentary on Jeremiah 1.1 · Jeromeallusion, low confidenceca. 414-419

Ezekiel 1:2

On the fifth day of the month—it was the fifth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin—

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:2Miscellanies 1.21.122 · Clement of Alexandriaallusion, high confidenceca. 198–203
Ezek 1:2Homilies on Ezekiel 1.8 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:2Commentary on Jeremiah 5.56 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 414-419
Ezek 1:2Commentary on Jeremiah 5.64 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 414-419

Ezekiel 1:3

the word of the LORD came directly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the River Kebar. And there the LORD’s hand was upon him.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:3Homilies on Ezekiel 1.4 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:3Homilies on Ezekiel 1.9 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:3Homilies on Ezekiel 1.10 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:3Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 313–324

Ezekiel 1:4

I looked and saw a whirlwind coming from the north, a great cloud with fire flashing back and forth and brilliant light all around it. In the center of the fire was a gleam like amber,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:4–28Commentary on John 6.23 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 230–248
Ezek 1:4Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:4Homilies on Ezekiel 1.12 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:4Homilies on Ezekiel 1.13 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:4Homilies on Ezekiel 1.14 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:4–28Against Celsus 6.18 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 248
Ezek 1:4Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 313–324
Ezek 1:4Homilies on Matthew 11.5 · John Chrysostomallusion, high confidenceca. 390
Ezek 1:4Against Jovinianus 1.33 · Jeromeallusion, high confidence393

Ezekiel 1:5

and within it was the form of four living creatures. And this was their appearance: They had a human form,

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:5–10On Ezekiel (Syriac fragment I, on Ezek 1:5-10) · Hippolytus of Romeallusion, high confidenceca. 200-235
Ezek 1:5Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origenallusion, medium confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:5Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:5Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:5Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 313–324
Ezek 1:5–21Letter 53.9 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:5–14Letter 66.2 · Jeromeallusion, medium confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:5–10Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 43–45 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)
Ezek 1:5Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 10 · Eucherius of Lyonquotation, high confidenceca. 420-430
Ezek 1:5–10Prayers 1–30 · Orientius of Auchallusion, medium confidence5th-6th century(?)

Ezekiel 1:6

but each had four faces and four wings.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:6Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:6Letter 13 · Ammonasallusion, high confidenceca. 340-360
Ezek 1:6Catechetical Lecture 9.2 · Cyril of Jerusalemallusion, high confidenceca. 350

Ezekiel 1:7

Their legs were straight, and the soles of their feet were like the hooves of a calf, gleaming like polished bronze.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:7Homilies on Ezekiel 1.15 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)

Ezekiel 1:10

The form of their faces was that of a man, and each of the four had the face of a lion on the right side, the face of an ox on the left side, and also the face of an eagle.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:10Against Heresies 3.11.8 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, medium confidenceca. 180–190
Ezek 1:10Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:10Homilies on Ezekiel 11.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:10Homilies on Leviticus 5.5 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Ezek 1:10Res. 2.9 · Methodius of Olympusallusion, high confidencelate 3rd cent. (disputed)
Ezek 1:10Preparation for the Gospel 12.46.1 · Eusebius of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 313–324
Ezek 1:10Letter 13 · Ammonasallusion, high confidenceca. 340-360
Ezek 1:10Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalemallusion, high confidenceca. 350
Ezek 1:10Book of Heresies 56.1 · Philastrius of Bresciaallusion, high confidenceca. 380s
Ezek 1:10Book of Heresies 139.1 · Philastrius of Bresciaallusion, high confidenceca. 380s
Ezek 1:10Book of Heresies 155.9 · Philastrius of Bresciaallusion, medium confidenceca. 380s
Ezek 1:10Homilies on Matthew 12.3 · John Chrysostomallusion, high confidenceca. 390
Ezek 1:10Against Jovinianus 1.26 · Jeromeallusion, high confidence393
Ezek 1:10Tractates on the Gospel of John 36.5 · Augustine of Hippoallusion, high confidenceca. 406–420
Ezek 1:10Book 1, lines 337–368 · Seduliusallusion, medium confidenceca. 425-450
Ezek 1:10Book 1, section 31 · Seduliusallusion, medium confidenceca. 425-450

Ezekiel 1:12

Each creature went straight ahead. Wherever the spirit would go, they would go, without turning as they moved.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:12Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)

Ezekiel 1:13

In the midst of the living creatures was the appearance of glowing coals of fire, or of torches. Fire moved back and forth between the living creatures; it was bright, and lightning flashed out of it.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:13Homilies on Ezekiel 1.11 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:13On the Trinity 8 · Novatianallusion, medium confidenceca. 240–250

Ezekiel 1:14

The creatures were darting back and forth as quickly as flashes of lightning.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:14Demonstration 18.4 · Aphrahatallusion, medium confidence337-345

Ezekiel 1:15

When I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the ground beside each creature with its four faces.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:15Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalemallusion, high confidenceca. 350
Ezek 1:15Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 360-378
Ezek 1:15Letter 22.19 · Jeromeallusion, low confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:15–27Letter 64.18 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419

Ezekiel 1:16

The workmanship of the wheels looked like the gleam of beryl, and all four had the same likeness. Their workmanship looked like a wheel within a wheel.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:16PG 12:1519 (Ps 71 LXX) · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 220-254
Ezek 1:16Homilies on Ezekiel 1.16 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:16Homilies on Joshua 3.1 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Ezek 1:16Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesareaquotation, high confidenceca. 360-378
Ezek 1:16Letter 37.1 · Jeromequotation, high confidenceca. 370–419
Ezek 1:16On Jacob and the Happy Life 2.49 · Ambrosequotation, high confidenceca. 386-390
Ezek 1:16Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-397
Ezek 1:16Homily 14 · Gregory of Nyssaquotation, high confidenceca. 390–394
Ezek 1:16Questions and Answers to the Orthodox 43–45 · Anonymousallusion, high confidence5th century (disputed)

Ezekiel 1:17

As they moved, they went in any of the four directions, without pivoting as they moved.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:17Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-397

Ezekiel 1:18

Their rims were high and awesome, and all four rims were full of eyes all around.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:18On the Trinity 8 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 240–250
Ezek 1:18Catechetical Lecture 9.3 · Cyril of Jerusalemallusion, high confidenceca. 350

Ezekiel 1:20

Wherever the spirit would go, they would go, and the wheels would rise alongside them, because the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:20Exposition of Psalm 118 4.28.3 · Ambroseallusion, high confidenceca. 386-397

Ezekiel 1:22

Spread out above the heads of the living creatures was the likeness of an awesome expanse, gleaming like crystal.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:22On the Trinity 8 · Novatianallusion, high confidenceca. 240–250
Ezek 1:22Letter 69.6 · Jeromeallusion, high confidenceca. 370–419

Ezekiel 1:23

And under the expanse, their wings stretched out toward one another. Each one also had two wings covering its body.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:23Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 4 · Eucherius of Lyonquotation, high confidenceca. 420-430

Ezekiel 1:26

Above the expanse over their heads was the likeness of a throne with the appearance of sapphire, and on the throne high above was a figure like that of a man.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:26Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
Ezek 1:26Commentary on Matthew 16.4 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 246–248
Ezek 1:26Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 19 · Gregory of Nazianzusallusion, high confidence380

Ezekiel 1:27

From what seemed to be His waist up, I saw a gleam like amber, with what looked like fire within it all around. And from what seemed to be His waist down, I saw what looked like fire; and brilliant light surrounded Him.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:27Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyonsallusion, high confidenceca. 180–190
Ezek 1:27Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Ezek 1:27Homilies on Jeremiah 11.5 · Origenallusion, high confidenceca. 240
Ezek 1:27Against Eunomius 1.14 · Basil of Caesareaallusion, high confidenceca. 364

Ezekiel 1:28

The appearance of the brilliant light all around Him was like that of a rainbow in a cloud on a rainy day. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell facedown and heard a voice speaking.

BSB
ReferencePassageKindDate
Ezek 1:28Against Heresies 4.20.10 · Irenaeus of Lyonsquotation, high confidenceca. 180–190
Ezek 1:28Against Praxeas 14 · Tertullianallusion, medium confidenceca. 213 or later
Ezek 1:28Against Celsus 1.43 · Origenquotation, high confidenceca. 248
Ezek 1:28Catechetical Lecture 9.1 · Cyril of Jerusalemquotation, high confidenceca. 350
Ezek 1:28Against the Arians 17 · Phoebadius of Agenallusion, high confidenceca. 357-358