Exodus 28 in the early church
119 passages quote, allude to, or echo Exodus 28, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 9 · 12 · 13 · 15 · 17 · 20 · 21 · 30 · 31 · 33 · 35 · 36 · 39 · 40 · 41 · 42 · 43
Exodus 28:1
“Next, have your brother Aaron brought to you from among the Israelites, along with his sons Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar, to serve Me as priests.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:1 | On the Destruction of Jerusalem 2.12 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370 |
| Exod 28:1 | Question 46, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | On the Lord's Prayer 1147 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380–394 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | On the Lord's Prayer 1149 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380–394 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | On the Life of Moses 319 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | On the Life of Moses 387 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | Against Jovinianus 2.34 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Exod 28:1 | Poem 25, lines 225–241 · Paulinus of Nola | echo, low confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Exod 28:1–43 | Exodus, lines 1090–1114 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Exod 28:1 | On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 2.19 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | 411–412 |
| Exod 28:1 | City of God 17.5 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | 413–426 |
Exodus 28:2
Make holy garments for your brother Aaron, to give him glory and splendor.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:2 | Homilies on Leviticus 11.1 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:2 | On Fleeing the World 16 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-391 |
Exodus 28:3
You are to instruct all the skilled craftsmen, whom I have filled with a spirit of wisdom, to make garments for Aaron’s consecration, so that he may serve Me as priest.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:3 | Miscellanies 1.4.26 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:3 | Miscellanies 1.17.87 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:3 | Miscellanies 6.17.154 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Exodus 28:4
These are the garments that they shall make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a woven tunic, a turban, and a sash. They are to make these holy garments for your brother Aaron and his sons, so that they may serve Me as priests.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:4 | Against Heresies 4.20.11 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Exod 28:4 | Miscellanies 5.6.32 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:4 | PG 12:1309 (Ps 33–34 LXX) · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 28:4 | Homilies on Exodus 9.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:4 | Homilies on Leviticus 6.6 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:4 | Church History 10.4.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | echo, low confidence | ca. 300–325 |
| Exod 28:4 | Oration II Against the Arians 7 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Exod 28:4 | Letter 29.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:4 | Letter 64.21 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:4–39 | Sermon 108 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Exod 28:4–39 | Instructions 2.10 · Eucherius of Lyon | allusion, high confidence | ca. 428-434 |
| Exod 28:4–39 | Part 2, chapter 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 28:5
They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:5 | Against Heresies 2.24.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Exod 28:5 | Homilies on Numbers 9.5 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:5 | Letter 29.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:5–6 | Letter 65.19 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:5 | On the Christian Faith 2.0 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Exod 28:5–6 | Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Exod 28:5–6 | On the Twelve Stones 7 (Ligurion) · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 394 |
Exodus 28:6
They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:6 | Miscellanies 5.6.38 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:6 | Commentary on Daniel 4.35-37 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 202-204 |
| Exod 28:6 | Letter 29.4 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:6 | Letter 29.5 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:6–12 | Letter 64.15 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:6–12 | On the Life of Moses 389 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 28:9
Take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:9 | Miscellanies 5.6.37 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:9–12 | On the Twelve Stones 13 (Adamant) · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 394 |
Exodus 28:12
Fasten both stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron is to bear their names on his two shoulders as a memorial before the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:12 | Homilies on Exodus 13.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:12 | Letter 29.5 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 28:13
Fashion gold filigree settings
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:13–30 | On the Life of Moses 391 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 28:15
You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:15–21 | Against Heresies 1.18.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Exod 28:15 | Miscellanies 5.6.38 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:15 | Homilies on Joshua 0.1 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:15–30 | Letter 64.16 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:15–21 | On the Twelve Stones 0 (Preface) · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 394 |
Exodus 28:17
And mount on it a setting of gemstones, four rows of stones: In the first row there shall be a ruby, a topaz, and an emerald;
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:17–20 | Against Heresies 1.18.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Exod 28:17 | Miscellanies 5.6.37 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:17 | Miscellanies 5.6.38 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:17 | Homilies on Exodus 13.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:17 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Exod 28:17 | Preparation for the Gospel 11.7.3 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 28:17 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.16.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Exod 28:17 | On the Christian Faith 2.0 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
Exodus 28:20
and in the fourth row a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper. Mount these stones in gold filigree settings.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:20 | Letter 37.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 28:21
The twelve stones are to correspond to the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:21 | Against Marcion 4.13 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Exod 28:21 | Homilies on Exodus 13.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:21 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.17.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Exod 28:21 | On the Christian Faith 2.0 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 378–380 |
Exodus 28:30
And place the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will also be over Aaron’s heart whenever he comes before the LORD. Aaron will continually carry the judgment of the sons of Israel over his heart before the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:30 | Miscellanies 5.6.39 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:30 | Homilies on Exodus 9.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:30 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.5 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:30 | Commentary on Matthew 16.25 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Exod 28:30 | On the Life of Moses 387 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 28:30 | On the Twelve Stones 13 (Adamant) · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 394 |
Exodus 28:31
You are to make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:31–35 | Letter 64.14 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:31–35 | On the Life of Moses 389 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 28:31 | Part 2, chapter 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 28:33
Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:33 | Protevangelium of James 8 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | ca. 150–200 |
| Exod 28:33 | Dialogue with Trypho 42.1 · Justin Martyr | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Exod 28:33 | Miscellanies 5.6.37 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 28:33 | Canons of Hippolytus, canon 29 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 4th century |
| Exod 28:33 | On the Christian Faith 2.0 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 378–380 |
| Exod 28:33–34 | Part 2, chapter 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 28:35
Aaron must wear the robe whenever he ministers, and its sound will be heard when he enters or exits the sanctuary before the LORD, so that he will not die.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:35 | Homilies on Exodus 9.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:35 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 26.12.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374-377 |
Exodus 28:36
You are to make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it as on a seal: HOLY TO THE LORD.
Exodus 28:39
You are to weave the tunic with fine linen, make the turban of fine linen, and fashion an embroidered sash.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:39–40 | Letter 64.11 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:39 | Letter 64.12 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 28:40
Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons, to give them glory and splendor.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:40 | Letter 64.13 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:40 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 7 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
Exodus 28:41
After you put these garments on your brother Aaron and his sons, anoint them, ordain them, and consecrate them so that they may serve Me as priests.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:41 | Apostolic Constitutions 8.46.9 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
Exodus 28:42
Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh, extending from waist to thigh.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:42 | Homilies on Exodus 9.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:42 | Homilies on Leviticus 4.6 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:42 | Homilies on Leviticus 6.6 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 28:42 | Letter 29.5 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:42–43 | Letter 64.10 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:42 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.18 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
Exodus 28:43
Aaron and his sons must wear them whenever they enter the Tent of Meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they will not incur guilt and die. This is to be a permanent statute for Aaron and his descendants.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 28:43 | Letter 65.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Exod 28:43 | Letter 67.1 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Exod 28:43 | Letter 72.2 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Exod 28:43 | Commentary on Ephesians 4:11–12 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Exod 28:43 | Letter 64.21 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 28:43 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.18 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Exod 28:43 | Against the Letter of Parmenian 2.12 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 400 |