Seven Books of History against the Pagans 4.20.1–5.3.7
Latin text: Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (Latin text: K. Zangemeister (CSEL 5, 1882), digitized by Open Greek and Latin, University of Leipzig (csel-dev), CC BY-SA 4.0).English: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), public domain (CC0).
Seven 4, chapter 20
4.20.1CSEL 5:260
Anno ab Vrbe condita DXLVI bellum Punicum secundum finitum est, quod gestum est annis decem et septem. cui Macedonicum continuo successit, quod Quintius Flamininus consul sortitus post multa et grauissima proelia, quibus Macedones uicti sunt, pacem Philippo dedit.
In the 546th year from the founding of the City the Second Punic War was ended, which was waged for seventeen years. The Macedonian war followed it at once; the consul Quintius Flamininus, allotted it, after many very grievous battles in which the Macedonians were defeated, gave peace to Philip.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Second Punic War ended; the Macedonian war followed.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.1 (CSEL 5:260; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.2CSEL 5:260
deinde cum Lacedaemoniis pugnauit, uicto Nauide duce ipsorum nobilissimos obsides Demetrium Philippi filium et Armenen Nauidis filium ante currum duxit.
Then he fought with the Lacedaemonians, and, having defeated their leader Nabis, led before his chariot as most noble hostages Demetrius, son of Philip, and Armenes, son of Nabis.
Notes and citation
Summary: Flamininus defeated Nabis of Sparta.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.2 (CSEL 5:260; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.3CSEL 5:260
Romani captiui, qui sub Hannibale per Graeciam uenditi fuerant, uniuersi recepti, capitibus rasis ob detersam seruitutem currum triumphantis secuti sunt.
The Roman captives who had been sold through Greece under Hannibal were all recovered and followed the chariot of the triumphant general with shaven heads, for slavery wiped away.
Notes and citation
Summary: Roman captives were freed.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.3 (CSEL 5:260; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.4CSEL 5:260
eodem tempore Insubres Boi atque Cenomanni contractis in unum uiribus Hamilcare Poeno duce, qui in Italia remanserat, Cremonam Placentiamque uastantes, difficillimo bello a L. Fuluio praetore superati sunt.
At the same time the Insubres, Boii and Cenomani, uniting their strength under the leadership of Hamilcar the Carthaginian, who had remained in Italy, while laying waste Cremona and Placentia, were overcome in a most difficult war by the praetor Lucius Fulvius.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Gauls of the Po were defeated.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.4 (CSEL 5:260; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.5CSEL 5:260–261
postea Flamininus proconsule Philippum regem et cum eo Thracas Macedonas Illyrios multasque praeterea gentes, quae in auxilium ei uenerant, bello subegit.
Afterwards Flamininus the proconsul subdued in war King Philip and with him the Thracians, Macedonians, Illyrians and many other peoples who had come to his aid.
Notes and citation
Summary: Flamininus defeated Philip and his allies.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.5 (CSEL 5:260–261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.6CSEL 5:261
uicti Macedones castra amiserunt, VIII milia hostium eo die caesa, v milia capta Polybius scribit; Valerius dicit XL milia trucidata; Claudius uero XXXII milia interfecta commemorat.
The defeated Macedonians lost their camp; Polybius writes that eight thousand of the enemy were slain that day and five thousand captured; Valerius says forty thousand were slaughtered; but Claudius records thirty-two thousand killed.
Notes and citation
Summary: The historians disagree on the Macedonian dead.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (Cyrillic letter in the digital text): Мacedones → Macedones.
Extrabiblical texts: Valerius Antias (Valerius Antias (fragments); allusion)
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.6 (CSEL 5:261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.7CSEL 5:261
Sed haec uarietas scriptorum utique fallacia est; fallaciae autem causa profecto adulatio est, dum uictoris laudes accumulare uirtutemque patriae extollere uel praesentibus uel posteris student: alioquin, si inquisitus non fuisset numerus, nec qualiscumque fuisset expressus.
But this variety among writers is certainly deceit; and the cause of deceit is surely flattery, while they strive to heap up the praises of the victor and exalt the courage of their country for those present or for posterity: otherwise, if the number had not been inquired into, it would not have been expressed at all.
Notes and citation
Summary: The historians' figures are flattery.
Topics: Lying and truthfulness
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.7 (CSEL 5:261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.8CSEL 5:261
quodsi gloriosum est duci et patriae plurimos hostium peremisse, quanto magis laetum patriae et duci beatum potest uideri suorum uel nullos uel paucissimos perdidisse.
But if it is glorious for a general and his country to have destroyed very many enemies, how much more joyful for the country and blessed for the general may it seem to have lost none or very few of his own.
Notes and citation
Summary: Fewer losses would be a greater glory.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.8 (CSEL 5:261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.9CSEL 5:261
ita lucidissime patet, quia simili impudentia mentiendi, qua occisorum hostium numero adiicitur, sociorum quoque amissorum damna minuuntur uel etiam omnino reticentur.
So it is most clearly evident that with the same shamelessness of lying by which the number of enemy slain is increased, the losses of allies are also lessened or even passed over in silence altogether.
Notes and citation
Summary: The same lies shrink their own losses.
Topics: Lying and truthfulness
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.9 (CSEL 5:261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-9
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.10CSEL 5:261
Igitur Sempronius Tuditanus in Hispania citeriore bello oppressus cum omni exercitu Romano interfectus est;
So Sempronius Tuditanus, overwhelmed in war in Hither Spain, was killed with the whole Roman army;
Notes and citation
Summary: Tuditanus died with his army in Spain.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.10 (CSEL 5:261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-10
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.11CSEL 5:261–262
consul Marcellus in Etruria a Bois oppressus magnam partem exercitus perdidit; cui postea Furius alter consul auxilio accessit: atque ita uniuersam Boiorum gentem igni ferroque uastantes propemodum usque ad nihilum deleuerunt.
the consul Marcellus, overwhelmed by the Boii in Etruria, lost a great part of his army; afterwards Furius, the other consul, came to his help; and so, laying waste the whole nation of the Boii with fire and sword, they destroyed them almost to nothing.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Boii were nearly annihilated.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.11 (CSEL 5:261–262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-11). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-11
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.12CSEL 5:262
L. Valerio Flacco M. Porcio Catone consulibus Antiochus rex Syriae bellum contra populum Romanum struens in Europam transiit ex Asia.
In the consulship of Lucius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Porcius Cato, Antiochus, king of Syria, preparing war against the Roman people, crossed from Asia into Europe.
Notes and citation
Summary: Antiochus invaded Europe.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.12 (CSEL 5:262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-12). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-12
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.13CSEL 5:262
tunc etiam Hannibal propter excitandi belli rumores, qui de eo apud Romanos serebantur, exhiberi Romam a senatu iussus, clam ex Africa profectus ad Antiochum migrauit: quem cum apud Ephesum inuenisset cunctantem, mox in bellum inpulit.
Then too Hannibal, because of rumours spread about him among the Romans that he was stirring up war, ordered by the senate to be produced at Rome, set out secretly from Africa and went over to Antiochus; finding him hesitating at Ephesus, he soon drove him into war.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hannibal fled to Antiochus.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray period): Africa. profectus → Africa profectus.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.13 (CSEL 5:262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-13). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-13
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.14CSEL 5:262
tunc etiam lex, quae ab Oppio tribuno plebi lata fuerat, ne qua mulier plus quam semunciam auri haberet neue uersicolori uestimento nec uehiculo per Vrbem uteretur, post uiginti annos abrogata est.
Then too the law that had been carried by Oppius, tribune of the plebs, that no woman should have more than half an ounce of gold, or use a parti-coloured garment, or a carriage through the City, was repealed after twenty years.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Oppian law was repealed.
Topics: Dress and adornment
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.14 (CSEL 5:262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-14). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-14
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.15CSEL 5:262
P. Scipione Africano iterum T. Sempronio Longo consulibus, apud Mediolanium decem milia Gallorum caesa, sequenti autem proelio undecim milia Gallorum, Romanorum uero quinque milia occisa sunt.
In the consulship of Publius Scipio Africanus for the second time and Titus Sempronius Longus, ten thousand Gauls were slain near Mediolanum, and in the following battle eleven thousand Gauls, but five thousand Romans were killed.
Notes and citation
Summary: Battles with the Gauls near Milan.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Soipione → Scipione.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.15 (CSEL 5:262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-15). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-15
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.16CSEL 5:262–263
Publius Digitius praetor in Hispania citeriore paene omnem amisit exercitum. M. Fuluius praetor Celtiberos cum proximis gentibus uicit regemque eorum cepit.
Publius Digitius, praetor in Hither Spain, lost almost his whole army. Marcus Fulvius the praetor defeated the Celtiberians with the neighbouring peoples and captured their king.
Notes and citation
Summary: Mixed fortunes in Spain.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): uioit → uicit.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.16 (CSEL 5:262–263; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-16). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-16
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.17CSEL 5:263
Minucius a Liguribus in extremum periculi adductus et insidiis hostium circumuentus uix Numidarum equitum industria liberatus est.
Minucius, brought into extreme danger by the Ligurians and trapped by the enemy's ambush, was barely freed by the diligence of the Numidian cavalry.
Notes and citation
Summary: Minucius narrowly escaped the Ligurians.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.17 (CSEL 5:263; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-17). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-17
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.18CSEL 5:263
Scipio Africanus inter ceteros legatos ad Antiochum missus, etiam cum Hannibale conloquium familiare habuit. sed infecto pacis negotio ab Antiocho discessit.
Scipio Africanus, sent among other envoys to Antiochus, also had a friendly conversation with Hannibal. But the business of peace left undone, he departed from Antiochus.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio met Hannibal at Antiochus's court.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.18 (CSEL 5:263; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-18). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-18
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.19CSEL 5:263
in utraque Hispania per Flaminium Fuluiumque praetores bella multum horrida cruentaque utrisque populis gesta sunt.
In both Spains wars very horrible and bloody for both peoples were waged by the praetors Flaminius and Fulvius.
Notes and citation
Summary: Bloody wars in Spain.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.19 (CSEL 5:263; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-19). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-19
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.20CSEL 5:263
P. Cornelio Scipione M. Acilio Glabrione consulibus Antiochus quamuis Thermopylas occupasset, quarum munimine tutior propter dubios belli euentus fieret, tamen commisso bello a consule Glabrione superatus uix cum paucis fugit e proelio Ephesumque peruenit.
In the consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Marcus Acilius Glabrio, Antiochus, although he had occupied Thermopylae, so as to be safer through its fortification against the doubtful outcomes of war, nevertheless, when battle was joined, was overcome by the consul Glabrio, barely fled from the battle with a few, and reached Ephesus.
Notes and citation
Summary: Glabrio defeated Antiochus at Thermopylae.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Soipione → Scipione.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.20 (CSEL 5:263; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-20). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-20
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.21CSEL 5:263–264
is habuisse fertur armatorum LX milia, ex quibus XL milia caesa, capta plus quam v milia fuisse referuntur. alter consul Scipio cum Boiorum gente conflixit, in quo proelio xx milia hostium interfecit.
He is said to have had sixty thousand armed men, of whom forty thousand are reported slain and more than five thousand captured. The other consul, Scipio, fought with the nation of the Boii, in which battle he killed twenty thousand of the enemy.
Notes and citation
Summary: Antiochus lost forty thousand; Scipio Nasica defeated the Boii.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): alter consui → alter consul.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.21 (CSEL 5:263–264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-21). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-21
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.22CSEL 5:264
Sequenti anno Scipio Africanus, habens in auxilio Eumenem Attali filium, aduersus Hannibalem, qui tunc Antiochi classi praeerat, bellum nauale gessit; Antiochus uicto Hannibale atque in fugam acto simulque omni exercitu amisso pacem rogauit filiumque Africani, quem utrum explorantem an in proelio cepisset incertum est, ultro remisit.
In the following year Scipio Africanus, having Eumenes son of Attalus as ally, waged a naval war against Hannibal, who then commanded Antiochus's fleet; Antiochus, Hannibal being defeated and put to flight and his whole army lost at the same time, asked for peace and of his own accord sent back the son of Africanus, whom he had captured, it is uncertain whether while scouting or in battle.
Notes and citation
Summary: Antiochus was defeated and sued for peace.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): inoertum → incertum.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.22 (CSEL 5:264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-22). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-22
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.23CSEL 5:264
in Hispania ulteriore L. Aemilius proconsule a Lusitanis cum uniuerso exercitu caesus interiit.
In Farther Spain Lucius Aemilius the proconsul was cut down by the Lusitanians with his whole army and perished.
Notes and citation
Summary: Aemilius died with his army in Spain.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.23 (CSEL 5:264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-23). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-23
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.24CSEL 5:264
L. Baebius in Hispaniam proficiscens, a Liguribus circumuentus cum uniuerso exercitu occisus est; unde adeo ne nuntium quidem superfuisse constat, ut internecionem ipsam Romae Massilienses nuntiare curauerint.
Lucius Baebius, setting out for Spain, was trapped by the Ligurians and killed with his whole army; so that it is agreed that not even a messenger survived, so that the people of Massilia took care to announce the massacre itself at Rome.
Notes and citation
Summary: Baebius's army was wiped out.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.24 (CSEL 5:264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-24). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-24
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.25CSEL 5:264–265
Fuluius consul de Graecia in Gallograeciam, quae nunc est Galatia, transuectus, ad Olympum montem peruenit, ad quem uniuersi Gallograeci cum coniugibus et liberis confugerant, ibique acerbissimum bellum gessit; namque de superioribus locis sagittis glandibus saxis ceterisque telis Romani grauiter contriti, tandem usque ad congressum hostium perruperunt: quadraginta milia Gallograecorum eo proelio interfecta referuntur.
The consul Fulvius, crossing from Greece into Gallograecia, which is now Galatia, came to Mount Olympus, to which all the Gallograeci had fled with their wives and children, and there waged a most bitter war; for the Romans, heavily worn down from the higher places by arrows, sling-shots, stones and other missiles, at last broke through to close combat with the enemy: forty thousand Gallograeci are reported killed in that battle.
Notes and citation
Summary: Rome defeated the Galatians at Mount Olympus.
- The consul was Manlius Vulso.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray mark): quadraginta # milia → quadraginta milia.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.25 (CSEL 5:264–265; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-25). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-25
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.26CSEL 5:265
Marcius consul aduersus Ligures profectus superatusque IIII milia militum amisit et, nisi uictus celeriter refugisset in castra, eandem internecionis cladem, quam Baebius dudum ab isdem hostibus acceperat, pertulisset.
The consul Marcius, setting out against the Ligurians, was defeated and lost four thousand soldiers; and had he not quickly fled back defeated into his camp, he would have suffered the same massacre which Baebius had received from the same enemies not long before.
Notes and citation
Summary: Marcius was defeated by the Ligurians.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.26 (CSEL 5:265; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-26). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-26
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.27CSEL 5:265
M. Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus Philippus rex, qui legatos populi Romani interfecerat, propter Demetrii filii sui, quem legatum miserat, uerecundissimas preces ueniam meruit,
In the consulship of Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Quintus Fabius Labeo, King Philip, who had killed envoys of the Roman people, earned pardon because of the most modest prayers of his son Demetrius, whom he had sent as envoy,
Notes and citation
Summary: Demetrius won pardon for his father Philip.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.27 (CSEL 5:265; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-27). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-27
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.28CSEL 5:265
eundemque continuo uelut Romanis amicum suique proditorem, fratre quoque ipsius ad parricidium patris ministro, nihil de utroque miserum mali suspicantem ueneno necauit.
and at once, as though he were a friend of the Romans and a traitor to himself, with Demetrius's own brother as agent of the murder of his father's son, he killed him with poison, the poor youth suspecting no evil of either.
Notes and citation
Summary: Philip poisoned Demetrius.
- The Latin is compressed; Perseus, Demetrius's brother, brought about the killing.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.28 (CSEL 5:265; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-28). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-28
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.29CSEL 5:265–266
eodem anno Scipio Africanus ab ingrata sibi Vrbe diu exulans apud Amiternum oppidum morbo periit. isdem etiam diebus Hannibal apud Prusiam Bithyniae regem, cum a Romanis reposceretur, ueneno se necauit, Philopoemenes, dux Achiuorum a Messanis captus occisusque est.
In the same year Scipio Africanus, long in exile from the City ungrateful to him, died of disease at the town of Amiternum. In the same days Hannibal, at the court of Prusias, king of Bithynia, when he was demanded back by the Romans, killed himself with poison; Philopoemen, leader of the Achaeans, was captured and killed by the Messenians.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio, Hannibal, and Philopoemen died.
- Scipio died at Liternum, not Amiternum.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.29 (CSEL 5:265–266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-29). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-29
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.30CSEL 5:266
in Sicilia tunc Vulcani insula, quae ante non fuerat, repente mari edita cum miraculo omnium usque ad nunc manet.
In Sicily then an island of Vulcan, which had not existed before, suddenly rose from the sea, to the wonder of all, and remains to this day.
Notes and citation
Summary: A volcanic island rose near Sicily.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.30 (CSEL 5:266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-30). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-30
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.31CSEL 5:266
Q. Fuluius Flaccus praetor in citeriore Hispania maximo proelio XXIII milia hominum fudit, IIII milia cepit.
Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, praetor in Hither Spain, routed twenty-three thousand men in a very great battle and captured four thousand.
Notes and citation
Summary: Fulvius Flaccus won in Spain.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.31 (CSEL 5:266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-31). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-31
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.32CSEL 5:266
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in Hispania ulteriore centum quinque oppida uacuata quassataque bellis ad deditionem coegit.
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus in Farther Spain forced to surrender a hundred and five towns emptied and shattered by wars.
Notes and citation
Summary: Gracchus subdued 105 towns.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (Cyrillic letter in the digital text): Нispania → Hispania.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.32 (CSEL 5:266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-32). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-32
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.33CSEL 5:266
eadem aestate etiam L. Postumius in citeriore Hispania quadraginta milia hostium bello interfecit. Gracchus praetor ibidem iterum ducenta oppida expugnauit et cepit.
In the same summer Lucius Postumius in Hither Spain killed forty thousand of the enemy in war. Gracchus the praetor there again stormed and took two hundred towns.
Notes and citation
Summary: More Roman victories in Spain.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Postnmius → Postumius.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.33 (CSEL 5:266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-33). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-33
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.34CSEL 5:266–267
Lepido et Mucio consulibus Basternarum gens ferocissima auctore Perseo Philippi filio praedarum spe sollicitata et transeundi Histri fluminis facultate sine ulla pugna uel aliquo hoste deleta est. nam tunc forte Danuuius, qui et Hister, crassa glacie superstratus pedestrem facile transitum patiebatur.
In the consulship of Lepidus and Mucius the most ferocious nation of the Bastarnae, at the instigation of Perseus son of Philip, enticed by the hope of plunder and the possibility of crossing the river Hister, was destroyed without any battle or any enemy. For then by chance the Danube, which is also the Hister, covered with thick ice, readily allowed a crossing on foot.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Bastarnae tried to cross the frozen Danube.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): consalibus → consulibus.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.34 (CSEL 5:266–267; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-34). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-34
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.35CSEL 5:267
itaque cum inprouide toto et maximo simul agmine inaestimabilis hominum uel equorum multitudo transiret, enormitate ponderis et concussione gradientum concrepans gelu et glacialis crusta dissiluit uniuersumque agmen, quod diu sustinuerat, mediis gurgitibus uicta tandem et conminuta destituit atque eadem rursus fragmentis inpedientibus superducta summersit. pauci ex omni populo per utramque ripam uix concisis uisceribus euaserunt.
So when, improvidently, an inestimable multitude of men and horses was crossing all at once in one very great column, by the enormity of the weight and the shaking of those walking the creaking frost and icy crust split apart, and, at last overcome and broken in the middle of the currents, it gave way beneath the whole column it had long held up, and then, closing over it again with fragments obstructing, drowned it. Few of the whole people escaped to either bank, with their bodies barely whole.
Notes and citation
Summary: The ice broke and drowned the Bastarnae.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): inaesiimabilis → inaestimabilis.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.35 (CSEL 5:267; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-35). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-35
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.36CSEL 5:267
P. Licinio Crasso C. Cassio Longino consulibus Macedonicum bellum gestum est, merito inter maxima bella referendum. nam in auxilio Romanorum tota primum Italia, deinde Ptolomaeus rex Aegypti et Ariarathes Cappadociae, Eumenes Asiae, Masinissa Numidiae fuerunt. Perseum et Macedonas secuti sunt Thraces cum rege Cotye et uniuersi cum rege Gentio Illyrii.
In the consulship of Publius Licinius Crassus and Gaius Cassius Longinus the Macedonian war was waged, rightly to be reckoned among the greatest wars. For on the side of the Romans were first all Italy, then Ptolemy king of Egypt, and Ariarathes of Cappadocia, Eumenes of Asia, Masinissa of Numidia. Perseus and the Macedonians were followed by the Thracians with their king Cotys and all the Illyrians with their king Gentius.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Third Macedonian War.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): lllyrii → Illyrii.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.36 (CSEL 5:267; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-36). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-36
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.37CSEL 5:267
itaque aduenienti Crasso consuli Perseus occurrit, commissoque proelio miserabiliter uicti fugere Romani. sequenti pugna paene pari clade partis utriusque in hiberna discessum est.
So Perseus met the consul Crassus as he arrived, and when battle was joined the Romans were miserably defeated and fled. In the following battle, with almost equal slaughter on both sides, they withdrew into winter quarters.
Notes and citation
Summary: Perseus defeated the Romans.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slips; stray comma): aduenionti Crasso consuli Perseus ocenrrit → aduenienti Crasso consuli Perseus occurrit; sequenti, pugna → sequenti pugna.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.37 (CSEL 5:267; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-37). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-37
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.38CSEL 5:267–268
deinde Perseus profligato multis proeliis exercitu Romano in Illyricum transgressus Sulcamum oppidum defensum a praesidiis Romanis pugnando cepit: ubi magnam Romanorum praesidiorum multitudinem partim occidit partim sub corona uendidit partim secum in Macedoniam duxit.
Then Perseus, having routed the Roman army in many battles, crossed into Illyricum and by fighting took the town of Sulcamum, defended by Roman garrisons; there he partly killed, partly sold at auction, partly took with him into Macedonia a great multitude of the Roman garrisons.
Notes and citation
Summary: Perseus took a Roman-held town in Illyricum.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.38 (CSEL 5:267–268; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-38). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-38
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.39CSEL 5:268
Postea cum eo L. Aemilius Paulus consul dimicauit et uicit: nam xx milia peditum in eo bello interfecit; rex cum equitatu subterfugit, sed continuo captus atque in triumpho cum filiis ante currum actus est et post apud Albam in custodia defecit.
Afterwards the consul Lucius Aemilius Paulus fought with him and conquered: for he killed twenty thousand foot in that war; the king escaped with his cavalry, but was soon captured and driven in triumph before the chariot with his sons, and afterwards died in custody at Alba.
Notes and citation
Summary: Aemilius Paulus defeated and captured Perseus.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Postea cam eo → Postea cum eo; dimicaait → dimicauit.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.39 (CSEL 5:268; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-39). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-39
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.20.40CSEL 5:268
filius eius iunior fabricam aerariam ob tolerandam inopiam Romae didicit ibique consumptus est. plurima praeterea et satis diuersis prouentibus bella multarum ubique gentium gesta sunt, quae breuitatis causa praetermisi.
His younger son learned the craft of metalworking at Rome to bear his poverty, and there wasted away. Very many other wars of many peoples everywhere, with quite various outcomes, were waged besides, which I have passed over for the sake of brevity.
Notes and citation
Summary: Perseus's son ended as a smith; much else is passed over.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.20.40 (CSEL 5:268; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-40). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-20-40
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 4, chapter 21
4.21.1CSEL 5:268
Anno ab Vrbe condita DC L. Licinio Lucullo A. Postumio Albino consulibus cum omnes Romanos ingens Celtiberorum metus inuasisset et ex omnibus non esset, qui ire in Hispaniam uel miles uel legatus auderet, P. Scipio, qui postea Africanus erit, ultro sese militaturum in Hispaniam obtulit, cum tamen in Macedoniam sorte iam deputatus esset.
In the 600th year from the founding of the City, in the consulship of Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Aulus Postumius Albinus, when a huge fear of the Celtiberians had seized all the Romans and there was no one among them all who dared to go to Spain as soldier or legate, Publius Scipio, who would afterwards be Africanus, of his own accord offered to serve in Spain, though he had already been assigned by lot to Macedonia.
Notes and citation
Summary: Young Scipio volunteered for Spain.
- Scipio Aemilianus, later Africanus the Younger.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (word split): sor te → sorte.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.1 (CSEL 5:268; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.2CSEL 5:268–269
itaque profectus in Hispaniam magnas strages gentium dedit, saepius etiam militis quam ducis usus officio; nam et barbarum prouocantem singulariter congressus occidit.
So he set out for Spain and wrought great slaughter of peoples, often performing the duty of a soldier rather than of a general; for he also met in single combat and killed a barbarian who challenged him.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio fought in Spain, even in single combat.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): dacis → ducis.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.2 (CSEL 5:268–269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.3CSEL 5:269
Sergius autem Galba praetor a Lusitanis magno proelio uictus est uniuersoque exercitu amisso ipse cum paucis uix elapsus euasit.
But Sergius Galba the praetor was defeated by the Lusitanians in a great battle, and, his whole army lost, he himself barely slipped away with a few.
Notes and citation
Summary: Galba was defeated by the Lusitanians.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Sergius antem → Sergius autem.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.3 (CSEL 5:269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.4CSEL 5:269
eodem tempore censores theatrum lapideum in Vrbe construi censuerunt. quod ne tunc fieret, Scipio Nasica grauissima oratione obstitit dicens, inimicissimum hoc fore bellatori populo ad nutriendam desidiam lasciuiamque commentum, adeoque mouit senatum, ut non solum uendi omnia theatro conparata iusserit, sed etiam subsellia ludis poni prohibuerit.
At the same time the censors decreed that a stone theatre be built in the City. Scipio Nasica opposed its being done then with a most weighty speech, saying that this device would be most hostile to a warlike people, devised to nourish idleness and wantonness; and he so moved the senate that it not only ordered everything prepared for the theatre to be sold, but even forbade seats to be set up at the games.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio Nasica stopped the building of a theatre.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): couparata → conparata.
Topics: Games, shows, and the theatre
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.4 (CSEL 5:269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.5CSEL 5:269
Quamobrem intellegant nostri — quibus quidquid extra oblectamentum libidinis occurrit offensio est — propter hoc, quod se infirmiores esse hostibus suis ipsi sentiunt et fatentur, theatra incusanda non tempora,
Therefore let our people understand (to whom whatever comes outside the delight of lust is an offence) that, because they themselves feel and confess that they are weaker than their enemies, it is the theatres that are to be blamed, not the times;
Notes and citation
Summary: Theatres, not Christian times, weakened Rome.
Topics: Games, shows, and the theatre
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.5 (CSEL 5:269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.6CSEL 5:269
nec blasphemandum Deum uerum, qui usque ad nunc ea prohibet, sed abominandos deos uel daemones suos, qui ista petierunt, profundo quidem satis malignitatis suae argumento tale sacrificium flagitantes, quoniam non magis fuso cruore pecudum quam profligata uirtute hominum pascerentur.
and that the true God, who to this day forbids such things, is not to be blasphemed, but their gods or demons are to be abominated, who demanded these things, giving a deep enough proof of their malignity in demanding such a sacrifice, since they fed no more on the shed blood of cattle than on the ruined virtue of men.
Notes and citation
Summary: The demons who demanded games are to blame.
Topics: Games, shows, and the theatre
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.6 (CSEL 5:269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.7CSEL 5:269
nam utique tunc nec hostes nec fames nec morbi nec prodigia deerant, immo tunc plurima erant; sed theatra non erant, in quibus — quod incredibile dictu est — ad aram luxuriae uirtutum uictimae trucidantur.
For certainly then neither enemies nor famine nor diseases nor portents were lacking, indeed there were very many of them; but there were no theatres, in which, incredible to say, the victims of the virtues are slaughtered at the altar of luxury.
Notes and citation
Summary: In the theatres virtues are sacrificed to luxury.
Topics: Games, shows, and the theatre
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.7 (CSEL 5:269; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.8CSEL 5:270
Carthaginiensibus aliquando uisum est homines immolare, sed male praesumpta persuasio breui praetermissa est; a Romanis uero exactum est, ut
The Carthaginians once thought fit to sacrifice men, but that wrongly presumed conviction was soon abandoned; but by the Romans it was demanded that
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage gave up human sacrifice; Rome demanded worse.
- The sentence continues in 4.21.9.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray period): exactum est, ut. → exactum est, ut.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.8 (CSEL 5:270; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.9CSEL 5:270
semet ipsos perditioni impenderent. factum est, fit, amatur et clamatur ut fiat: qui pro mactanda gregis sui pecude fortasse offenderentur, pro interficienda cordis sui uirtute laetantur. quin potius Nasicae erubescant, qui Christianis exprobrandum putant et non nobis de hostibus, quos semper habuerunt, sed illi de theatro, quod haberi prohibuerat, conquerantur.
they should spend themselves on their own ruin. It was done, it is done, it is loved, and there is clamour that it be done: those who would perhaps be offended at the slaughter of a beast of their flock rejoice at the killing of the virtue of their heart. Let them rather blush before Nasica, those who think it is to be cast up against the Christians, and let them complain not to us about enemies, whom they have always had, but to him about the theatre, which he had forbidden to be had.
Notes and citation
Summary: Let them blame the theatre that Nasica forbade.
Topics: Games, shows, and the theatre
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.9 (CSEL 5:270; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-9
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.21.10CSEL 5:270
Igitur in Hispania Sergius Galba praetor Lusitanos citra Tagum flumen habitantes cum uoluntarios in deditionem recepisset, per scelus interfecit; simulans enim de commodis eorum se acturum fore, circumpositis militibus cunctos inermes incautosque prostrauit. quae res postea uniuersae Hispaniae propter Romanorum perfidiam causa maximi tumultus fuit.
So in Spain Sergius Galba the praetor, when he had received in surrender the Lusitanians living on this side of the river Tagus, who surrendered voluntarily, killed them criminally; for, pretending that he would act for their interests, he surrounded them with soldiers and laid low all, unarmed and unwary. This afterwards was the cause of the greatest upheaval in all Spain because of the perfidy of the Romans.
Notes and citation
Summary: Galba massacred surrendered Lusitanians.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.21.10 (CSEL 5:270; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-21-10
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 4, chapter 22
4.22.1CSEL 5:270–271
Anno ab Vrbe condita DCII L. Censorino et M. Manilio consulibus tertium Punicum bellum exortum est. igitur cum senatus delendam Carthaginem censuisset, profecti in Africam consules et Scipio tunc tribunus militum prope Vticam maioris Africani castra tenuerunt.
In the 602nd year from the founding of the City, in the consulship of Lucius Censorinus and Marcus Manilius, the Third Punic War arose. So when the senate had decreed that Carthage must be destroyed, the consuls, setting out for Africa, and Scipio, then military tribune, held the camp of the elder Africanus near Utica.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Third Punic War began.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.1 (CSEL 5:270–271; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.2CSEL 5:271
ibi Carthaginiensibus euocatis iussisque ut arma et naues traderent nec moratis, tanta uis armorum repente tradita est, ut facile tota ex his Africa potuisset armari.
There the Carthaginians were summoned and ordered to hand over their arms and ships, and without delay so great a quantity of arms was suddenly handed over that all Africa could easily have been armed from them.
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage surrendered its arms.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.2 (CSEL 5:271; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.3CSEL 5:271
sed Carthaginienses postquam arma tradiderant et relicta urbe recedere procul a mari decem milibus passuum iussi sunt, dolorem ad desperationem contulerunt aut defensuri ciuitatem aut cum ipsa per ipsam sepeliendi, ducesque sibi duos Hasdrubales creauerunt.
But after the Carthaginians had handed over their arms and were ordered to leave the city and withdraw ten miles from the sea, they turned grief to desperation, either to defend the city or to be buried with it and by it, and created two Hasdrubals as their leaders.
Notes and citation
Summary: Ordered to abandon their city, the Carthaginians resolved to fight.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): cinitatem → ciuitatem.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.3 (CSEL 5:271; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.4CSEL 5:271
arma primum facere adgressi aeris ferrique inopiam auri argentique metallis suppleuerunt. consules oppugnare Carthaginem statuunt, cuius situs fuisse huiusmodi dicitur:
First setting about making arms, they supplied the lack of bronze and iron with gold and silver. The consuls resolved to attack Carthage, whose site is said to have been of this kind:
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage rearmed with gold and silver.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.4 (CSEL 5:271; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.5CSEL 5:271
uiginti duo milia passuum muro amplexa, tota paene mari cingebatur absque faucibus, quae tribus milibus passuum aperiebantur. is locus murum triginta pedes latum habuit saxo quadrato in altitudinem cubitorum quadraginta.
embraced by a wall of twenty-two miles, it was surrounded almost entirely by sea except at the neck, which opened for three miles. That place had a wall thirty feet broad, of squared stone, forty cubits high.
Notes and citation
Summary: The site and walls of Carthage.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): paasaum → passuum.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.5 (CSEL 5:271; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.6CSEL 5:271–272
arx, cui Byrsae nomen erat, paulo amplius quam duo milia passuum tenebat. ex una parte murus communis erat urbis et Byrsae imminens mari, quod mare Stagnum uocant, quoniam obiectu protentae linguae tranquillatur.
The citadel, whose name was Byrsa, covered a little more than two miles. On one side the wall was common to the city and the Byrsa, overlooking the sea, which they call the Pool, because it is made calm by the barrier of a projecting tongue of land.
Notes and citation
Summary: The citadel of Byrsa.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): arx, cni → arx, cui.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.6 (CSEL 5:271–272; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.7CSEL 5:272
consules igitur quamuis aliquantam muri partem quassatam machinis diruissent, tamen a Carthaginiensibus uicti ac repulsi sunt: quos fugientes Scipio repulso intra muros hoste defendit. Censorinus in Vrbem rediit. Manlius omissa Carthagine ad Hasdrubalem arma conuertit.
So the consuls, although they had shattered with machines and pulled down a considerable part of the wall, were nevertheless defeated and repelled by the Carthaginians: Scipio protected them as they fled, driving the enemy back within the walls. Censorinus returned to the City. Manlius, leaving Carthage, turned his arms against Hasdrubal.
Notes and citation
Summary: The first assault on Carthage failed.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.7 (CSEL 5:272; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.8CSEL 5:272
Scipio Masinissa mortuo inter Masinissae filios tres Numidiae regnum diuisit. quo circa Carthaginem reuerso Manlius Tezagam urbem expugnauit atque diripuit; duodecim milia ibi Afrorum caesa, sex milia capta sunt. Hasdrubal Poenorum imperator, Masinissae nepos, subselliorum fragmentis in curia a suis propter suspicionem proditionis occisus est.
Scipio, on the death of Masinissa, divided the kingdom of Numidia among Masinissa's three sons. When he returned to the neighbourhood of Carthage, Manlius stormed and plundered the city of Tezaga; twelve thousand Africans were slain there and six thousand captured. Hasdrubal, the Carthaginian general, a grandson of Masinissa, was killed in the senate house by his own men with fragments of the benches on suspicion of treachery.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio divided Numidia; Hasdrubal was killed by his own men.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.8 (CSEL 5:272; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.22.9CSEL 5:272
Iuuentius praetor in Macedonia aduersus Pseudophilippum congressus, cum maxima clade totius Romani exercitus interfectus est.
Juventius the praetor, engaging the Pseudo-Philip in Macedonia, was killed with the greatest slaughter of the whole Roman army.
Notes and citation
Summary: Juventius was killed by the Pseudo-Philip.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.22.9 (CSEL 5:272; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-22-9
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 4, chapter 23
4.23.1CSEL 5:272–273
Anno ab Vrbe condita DCVI id est anno quinquagensimo post bellum Punicum secundum Cn. Cornelio Lentulo L. Mummio consulibus P. Scipio, superioris anni consul, delere Carthaginem suprema sorte molitus Gothonem ingreditur.
In the 606th year from the founding of the City, that is, in the fiftieth year after the Second Punic War, in the consulship of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Mummius, Publius Scipio, consul of the previous year, striving to destroy Carthage by a final throw, entered the Cothon.
Notes and citation
Summary: Scipio entered the harbour of Carthage.
- The Cothon was Carthage's inner harbour.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.1 (CSEL 5:272–273; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.2CSEL 5:273
ubi dum sex continuis diebus noctibusque pugnatur, ultima Carthaginienses desperatio ad deditionem traxit petentes, ut quos belli clades reliquos fecit, saltem seruire liceat.
There, while fighting went on for six continuous days and nights, final despair drove the Carthaginians to surrender, asking that those whom the disasters of war had left might at least be allowed to be slaves.
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage surrendered after six days.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.2 (CSEL 5:273; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.3CSEL 5:273
primum agmen mulierum satis miserabile, post uirorum magis deforme descendit. nam fuisse mulierum xxv milia, uirorum xxx milia memoriae traditum est. rex Hasdrubal se ultro dedit.
First a column of women came down, pitiable enough, then one of men, more unsightly still. For it is recorded that there were twenty-five thousand women and thirty thousand men. King Hasdrubal gave himself up of his own accord.
Notes and citation
Summary: The survivors and Hasdrubal surrendered.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.3 (CSEL 5:273; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.4CSEL 5:273
transfugae qui Aesculapii templum occupauerant, uoluntario praecipitio dati igne consumpti sunt, uxor Hasdrubalis se duosque filios secum uirili dolore et furore femineo in medium iecit incendium, eundem nunc mortis exitum faciens nouissima regina Carthaginis, quem quondam prima fecisset.
The deserters who had occupied the temple of Aesculapius gave themselves to a voluntary plunge and were consumed by fire; Hasdrubal's wife threw herself and her two sons with her into the middle of the fire, with a man's grief and a woman's fury, the last queen of Carthage now making the same end in death which the first had once made.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hasdrubal's wife threw herself and her sons into the fire.
- The first queen was Elissa (Dido).
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (Cyrillic letter in the digital text): Нasdrubalis → Hasdrubalis.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.4 (CSEL 5:273; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.5CSEL 5:273
ipsa autem ciuitas decem et septem continuis diebus arsit miserumque spectaculum de uarietate condicionis humanae uictoribus suis praebuit.
The city itself burned for seventeen continuous days and offered its victors a wretched spectacle of the changeableness of the human condition.
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage burned for seventeen days.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.5 (CSEL 5:273; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.6CSEL 5:273–274
diruta est autem Carthago omni murali lapide in puluerem conminuto septingentensimo post anno quam condita erat.
Carthage was destroyed, all the stone of its walls ground to dust, in the seven hundredth year after it was founded.
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage was razed seven hundred years after its founding.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.6 (CSEL 5:273–274; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.7CSEL 5:274
multitudo omnis captiuorum exceptis paucis principibus uenundata est. ita quarto quam coeptum fuit anno bellum Punicum tertium terminatum est.
The whole multitude of captives, except a few leading men, was sold. So the Third Punic War was ended in the fourth year after it began.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Third Punic War ended.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.7 (CSEL 5:274; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.8CSEL 5:274
Sed mihi quamlibet studiose quaerenti uerumtamen homini tardioris ingenii nusquam omnino causa tertii belli Punici, quam in tantum Carthago accenderit, ut iuste euerti decerneretur, eluxit, illudque me uel maxime mouet, quod, si ita ut in superioribus bellis euidens in adsurgentem causa et dolor accendebat, consultatione non opus erat.
But to me, however zealously I inquire, being nevertheless a man of slower wit, nowhere at all has the cause of the Third Punic War appeared, by which Carthage so kindled it that it was decreed she should justly be overthrown; and this moves me most of all, that if, as in the earlier wars, an evident cause and grievance had inflamed them against a city rising up, there would have been no need of deliberation.
Notes and citation
Summary: Orosius finds no just cause for the Third Punic War.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): uernmtamen → uerumtamen.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.8 (CSEL 5:274; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.9CSEL 5:274
at uero, cum alii Romanorum propter perpetuam Romae securitatem delendam esse decernerent, alii uero propter perpetuam Romanae uirtutis curam, quam sibi semper ex suspicione aemulae urbis inpenderent, ne uigor Romanus bellis semper exercitus in languidam segnitiem securitate atque otio solueretur, incolumem Carthaginem statui suo permittendam esse censerent: causam non ex iniuria lacessentum Carthaginiensium sed ex inconstantia torpescentium Romanorum ortam inuenio.
But since some of the Romans decreed that it must be destroyed for the perpetual security of Rome, while others judged that Carthage should be left unharmed in its condition for the sake of perpetual care for Roman virtue, which they would always exert from suspicion of a rival city, lest Roman vigour, always exercised by wars, should be dissolved through security and leisure into languid sloth: I find that the cause arose not from any injury by provoking Carthaginians but from the inconstancy of Romans growing torpid.
Notes and citation
Summary: The cause lay in Roman weakness, not Carthaginian wrong.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.9 (CSEL 5:274; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-9
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.10CSEL 5:274–275
quod cum ita sit, cur Christianis temporibus imputant hebetationem ac robiginem suam, qua foris crassi, intus exesi sunt? qui porro ante sescentos fere annos, sicut sui prudentes timentesque praedixerant, cotem illam magnam splendoris et acuminis sui Carthaginem perdiderunt.
Since this is so, why do they impute to Christian times their own dullness and rust, by which they are coarse outside and eaten away within? They, moreover, nearly six hundred years ago, as their own prudent and fearful men had foretold, destroyed Carthage, that great whetstone of their brightness and sharpness.
Notes and citation
Summary: Rome destroyed its own whetstone long before Christ.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.10 (CSEL 5:274–275; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-10
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
4.23.11CSEL 5:275–276
Itaque finem uolumini faciam, ne forsitan conlidendo uehementius discussa ad tempus robigine ubi necessarium acumen elicere non possum, superuacuam asperitatem inueniam. quamquam obuiantem asperitatem nequaquam expauescerem, si interioris spem acuminis inuenirem.
So I shall make an end of the volume, lest perhaps, by rubbing too hard on the rust that has for a time been knocked off, where I cannot draw out the needed sharpness I find superfluous roughness. Though I would by no means dread roughness meeting me, if I found hope of an inner sharpness.
Notes and citation
Summary: Book 4 ends.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 4.23.11 (CSEL 5:275–276; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-11). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/4-23-11
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 5, chapter 1
5.1.1CSEL 5:276
Scio aliquantos post haec deinceps permoueri posse, quod uictoriae Romanae multarum gentium et ciuitatum strage crebrescunt. quamquam, si diligenter appendant, plus damni inuenient accidisse quam commodi. neque enim parui pendenda sunt tot bella seruilia, socialia, ciuilia, fugitiuorum, nullorum utique fructuum et magnarum tamen miseriarum.
I know that some may be disturbed from this point on, because Roman victories grow more frequent with the slaughter of many peoples and cities. Yet if they weigh the matter carefully, they will find that more loss than gain resulted. For so many wars, slave wars, wars with the allies, civil wars, wars with runaways, which brought no fruits at all and yet great miseries, are not to be lightly regarded.
Notes and citation
Summary: Orosius anticipates the objection that Rome's victories made these times happy.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.1 (CSEL 5:276; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.2CSEL 5:276
sed coniueo, ut quemadmodum uolunt ita fuisse uideatur; unde arbitror esse dicturos: ecquid his temporibus beatius, quibus continui triumphi, celebres uictoriae, diuites praedae, nobiles pompae, magni ante currum reges et longo ordine uictae gentes agebantur?
But I shut my eyes and let it seem to have been as they wish. Hence I expect them to say: “What could be happier than those times, in which there were continual triumphs, famous victories, rich spoils, noble processions, great kings driven before the chariot and conquered peoples led in a long line?”
Notes and citation
Summary: The imagined objection: the age of triumphs was the happiest.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.2 (CSEL 5:276; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.3CSEL 5:276–277
quibus breuiter respondebitur et ipsos de temporibus solere causari et nos pro isdem temporibus instituisse sermonem, quae tempora non uni tantum urbi adtributa sed Orbi uniuerso constat esse communia. ecce quam feliciter Roma uincit tam infeliciter quidquid extra Romam est uincitur.
To them the brief answer will be that they themselves are accustomed to complain about the times, and that we have undertaken this discourse on behalf of those same times, times which, it is agreed, were not assigned to one city only but are common to the whole world. See: as happily as Rome conquers, so unhappily is whatever lies outside Rome conquered.
Notes and citation
Summary: The times must be judged for the whole world, not for Rome alone.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip eat for est): extra Romam eat uincitur → extra Romam est uincitur.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.3 (CSEL 5:276–277; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.4CSEL 5:277
quanti igitur pendenda est gutta haec laboriosae felicitatis, cui adscribitur unius urbis beatitudo in tanta mole infelicitatis, per quam agitur totius Orbis euersio? aut si ideo felicia putantur, quia unius ciuitatis opes auctae sunt, cur non potius infelicissima iudicentur, quibus miserabili uastatione multarum ac bene institutarum gentium potentissima regna ceciderunt?
How much, then, is this drop of laborious happiness worth, to which the blessedness of one city is ascribed, amid so great a mass of unhappiness by which the overthrow of the whole world is brought about? Or if those times are thought happy because the wealth of one city was increased, why should they not rather be judged most unhappy, since in them, through the pitiable devastation of many well-ordered peoples, the mightiest kingdoms fell?
Notes and citation
Summary: The good fortune of one city does not outweigh the ruin of the world.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.4 (CSEL 5:277; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.5CSEL 5:277
an forte aliud tunc Carthagini uidebatur, cum post annos centum uiginti, quibus modo bellorum clades modo pacis condiciones perhorrescens, nunc rebelli intentione nunc supplici, bellis pacem, pace bella mutabat, nouissime miseris ciuibus passim se in ignem ultima desperatione iacientibus unus rogus tota ciuitas fuit? cui etiam nunc, situ paruae, moenibus destitutae, pars miseriarum est audire quid fuerit.
Or did Carthage perhaps see it differently then, when after a hundred and twenty years, dreading now the disasters of war, now the terms of peace, now with rebellious intent, now as a suppliant, she exchanged peace for war and war for peace, and at last, as her wretched citizens everywhere threw themselves into the fire in final despair, the whole city became one funeral pyre? Even now, small in site and stripped of walls, part of her misery is to hear what she once was.
Notes and citation
Summary: Carthage would not call those times happy.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.5 (CSEL 5:277; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.6CSEL 5:277–278
edat Hispania sententiam suam: cum per annos ducentos ubique agros suos sanguine suo rigabat inportunumque hostem ultro ostiatim inquietantem nec repellere poterat nec sustinere, cum se suis diuersis urbibus ac locis, fracti caede bellorum, obsidionum fame exinaniti, interfectis coniugibus ac liberis suis ob remedia miseriarum concursu misero ac mutua caede iugulabant, — quid tunc de suis temporibus sentiebat?
Let Spain give her opinion. For two hundred years she watered her fields everywhere with her own blood, and could neither drive off nor endure a relentless enemy who harassed her door to door unprovoked; her people, broken by the slaughter of wars and drained by the hunger of sieges, having killed their wives and children, cut one another's throats in their various cities and places, in a wretched gathering and mutual slaughter, as a remedy for their miseries. What did she then think of her times?
Notes and citation
Summary: Spain too suffered for two centuries under Roman wars.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.6 (CSEL 5:277–278; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.7CSEL 5:278
ipsa postremo dicat Italia: cur per annos quadringentos Romanis utique suis contradixit obstitit repugnauit, si eorum felicitas sua infelicitas non erat Romanosque fieri rerum dominos bonis communibus non obstabat?
Finally, let Italy herself say why for four hundred years she opposed, resisted, and fought against the Romans, who were after all her own, if their happiness was not her unhappiness, and if the Romans' becoming masters of the world did not stand in the way of the common good.
Notes and citation
Summary: Italy's long resistance shows Roman success was its misery.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.7 (CSEL 5:278; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.8CSEL 5:278
non requiro de innumeris diuersarum gentium populis diu ante liberis, tunc bello uictis, patria abductis, pretio uenditis, seruitute dispersis, quid tunc sibi maluerint, quid de Romanis opinati sint, quid de temporibus iudicarint.
I do not ask the countless peoples of various nations, long free before, then conquered in war, led away from their homeland, sold for a price, scattered into slavery, what they would then have preferred for themselves, what they thought of the Romans, how they judged the times.
Notes and citation
Summary: The enslaved nations need not even be asked.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.8 (CSEL 5:278; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.9CSEL 5:278
omitto de regibus magnarum opum, magnarum uirium, magnae gloriae, diu potentissimis, aliquando captis, seruiliter catenatis, sub iugum missis, ante currum actis, in carcere trucidatis: quorum tam stultum est exquirere sententiam, quam durum non dolere miseriam.
I pass over kings of great wealth, great strength, and great glory, long most powerful, at length captured, chained like slaves, sent under the yoke, driven before the chariot, butchered in prison: to seek their opinion is as foolish as it is hard not to grieve at their misery.
Notes and citation
Summary: Nor need the captured kings be asked.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.9 (CSEL 5:278; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-9
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.10CSEL 5:278
nos, nos inquam ipsos uitaeque nostrae electionem, cui adquieuimus, consulamus. maiores nostri bella gesserunt, bellis fatigati pacem petentes tributa obtulerunt: tributum pretium pacis est.
Let us, let us, I say, consult ourselves and the choice of life in which we have found rest. Our ancestors waged wars; worn out by wars, they sought peace and offered tribute. Tribute is the price of peace.
Notes and citation
Summary: Orosius turns to the experience of his own generation.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.10 (CSEL 5:278; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-10
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.11CSEL 5:278–279
nos tributa dependimus, ne bella patiamur, ac per hoc in portu, ad quem illi tandem pro euadendis malorum tempestatibus confugerunt, nos consistimus et manemus. igitur nostra tempora uiderim utrum felicia; certe feliciora illis ducimus, qui quod illi ultime delegerunt nos continue possidemus.
We pay tribute so as not to suffer wars, and so we stand and remain in the harbor to which they at last fled to escape the storms of evils. So I leave it to be seen whether our times are happy; certainly we consider them happier than theirs, since what they chose at the very end we possess continuously.
Notes and citation
Summary: His own times are happier, enjoying the peace the ancestors finally sought.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.11 (CSEL 5:278–279; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-11). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-11
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.12CSEL 5:279
inquietudo enim bellorum, qua illi attriti sunt, nobis ignota est. in otio autem, quod illi post imperium Caesaris natiuitatemque Christi tenuiter gustauerunt, nos nascimur et senescimus;
For the restlessness of wars by which they were worn down is unknown to us. In the peace which they tasted only slightly after the rule of Caesar and the birth of Christ, we are born and grow old;
Notes and citation
Summary: The peace begun under Augustus and the birth of Christ is now normal.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.12 (CSEL 5:279; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-12). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-12
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.13CSEL 5:279
quod illis erat debita pensio seruitutis nobis est libera conlatio defensionis, tantumque interest inter praeterita praesentiaque tempora, ut quod Roma in usum luxuriae suae ferro extorquebat a nostris, nunc in usum communis reipublicae conferat ipsa nobiscum. aut si ab aliquo dicitur tolerabiliores parentibus nostris Romanos hostes fuisse, quam nobis Gothos esse, audiat et intellegat, quanto aliter quam circa se ipsum agitur sibi esse uideatur.
what for them was the payment owed for servitude is for us a free contribution for defense; and so great is the difference between past and present times that what Rome extorted from our people by the sword for the use of her luxury, she now contributes together with us for the use of the commonwealth we share. Or if anyone says that the Romans were more tolerable enemies to our forefathers than the Goths are to us, let him hear and understand how differently things appear to him than they are going on around him.
Notes and citation
Summary: Taxes are now a shared contribution, and the Goths are no worse than the old Romans.
- The last clause is compressed in the Latin; the sense is that the complainer misjudges his own situation.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.13 (CSEL 5:279; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-13). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-13
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.14CSEL 5:279
Olim cum bella toto Orbe feruebant, quaeque prouincia suis regibus suis legibus suisque moribus utebatur, nec erat societas adfectionum, ubi dissidebat diuersitas potestatum; postremo solutas et barbaras gentes quid tandem ad societatem adduceret, quas diuersis sacrorum ritibus institutas etiam religio separabat?
Formerly, when wars blazed throughout the world, each province used its own kings, its own laws, and its own customs, and there was no fellowship of affections where the diversity of powers was at variance. Finally, what could ever bring into fellowship peoples loose and barbarous, whom even religion kept apart, trained as they were in different sacred rites?
Notes and citation
Summary: In former times the nations had no common bond.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.14 (CSEL 5:279; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-14). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-14
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.15CSEL 5:279
si quia igitur tunc acerbitate malorum uictus patriam cum hoste deseruit, quem tandem ignotum locum ignotus adiit? quam gentem generaliter hostem hostis orauit? cui se congressu primo credidit, non societate nominis inuitatus, non communione iuris adductus, non religionis unitate securus?
If then, overcome by the bitterness of evils, a man abandoned his homeland to the enemy, what unknown place could he, unknown, go to? What people, an enemy to all, could he, an enemy, beg as a suppliant? To whom could he entrust himself at first meeting, not invited by a common name, not drawn by a shared law, not made secure by one religion?
Notes and citation
Summary: A refugee of old had nowhere safe to go.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.15 (CSEL 5:279; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-15). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-15
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.1.16CSEL 5:279–280
an parum exempli dederunt Busiris in Aegypto peregrinorum infeliciter incurrentium impiissimus immolator, crudelissima circa aduenas Dianae Tauricae litora sed magis sacra crudelia, Thracia cum Polymestore suo usque ad propinquos hospites scelerata? et ne antiquitatibus uidear immorari, testis est Roma de Pompeio interfecto, testis Aegyptus de interfectore Ptolemaeo.
Or did they give too few examples: Busiris in Egypt, most impious sacrificer of strangers who unluckily fell in with him; the shores of Tauric Diana, most cruel to newcomers, but her rites more cruel still; Thrace with her Polymestor, wicked even toward guests who were kinsmen? And lest I seem to linger over ancient things, Rome is witness in the case of the murdered Pompey, and Egypt in the case of his murderer Ptolemy.
Notes and citation
Summary: Examples of the ancient killing of guests and fugitives.
- Polymestor of Thrace murdered Polydorus, the son of Priam entrusted to him (Euripides, Hecuba; Virgil, Aeneid 3).
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.1.16 (CSEL 5:279–280; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-16). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-1-16
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 5, chapter 2
5.2.1CSEL 5:280
Mihi autem prima qualiscumque motus perturbatione fugienti, quia de confugiendi statione securo, ubique patria, ubique lex et religio mea est.
But as for me, when I flee at the first disturbance of any upheaval, since I am secure about a place of refuge, everywhere is my homeland, everywhere my law and my religion.
Notes and citation
Summary: For a Roman Christian every land is home.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (Cyrillic letter in the digital text): Мihi → Mihi.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.1 (CSEL 5:280; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.2CSEL 5:280
nunc me Africa tam libenter excepit quam confidenter accessi; nunc me, inquam, ista Africa excepit pace simplici, sinu proprio, iure communi, de qua aliquando dictum et uere dictum est hospitio prohibemur harenae, Bella cient primaque uetant consistere terra; nunc ultro ad suscipiendos socios religionis et pacis suae beniuolum late gremium pandit atque ultro fessos, quos foueat, inuitat.
Now Africa has received me as gladly as I came to her confidently; now, I say, this Africa has received me with simple peace, in her own bosom, under common law, she of whom it was once said, and truly said: “We are barred from the welcome of the sand; they stir up war and forbid us to stand on the shore.” Now of her own accord she opens wide a kindly bosom to receive the partners of her religion and peace, and of her own accord invites the weary to cherish them.
Notes and citation
Summary: Africa now welcomes Orosius as a fellow Christian and Roman.
- Quotation of Virgil, Aeneid 1.540–541.
Extrabiblical texts: Virgil, Aen. 1.540-541 (Virgil; quotation)
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.2 (CSEL 5:280; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.3CSEL 5:280
latitudo orientis, septentrionis copiositas, meridiana diffusio, magnarum insularum largissimae tutissimaeque sedes mei iuris et nominis sunt quia ad Christianos et Romanos Romanus et Christianus accedo.
The breadth of the East, the abundance of the North, the expanse of the South, the most ample and secure dwellings of the great islands, are of my law and name, because I come as a Roman and a Christian to Christians and Romans.
Notes and citation
Summary: All regions belong to the Roman Christian.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (the digital text gives the misprint and its correction side by side): duffusiodiffusio → diffusio.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.3 (CSEL 5:280; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.4CSEL 5:280
non timeo deos hospitis mei, non timeo religionem eius necem meam, non habeo talem quem pertimescam locum, ubi et possessori liceat perpetrare quod uelit et peregrino non liceat adhibere quod conuenit, ubi sit ius hospitis quod meum non sit;
I do not fear the gods of my host, I do not fear that his religion means my death; I have no such place to dread, where the owner may do whatever he wishes and the stranger may not do what is fitting, where the law of the host is not my law;
Notes and citation
Summary: No pagan host's gods threaten him.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): hospitis mai → hospitis mei.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.4 (CSEL 5:280; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.5CSEL 5:280–281
unus Deus, qui temporibus, quibus ipse innotescere uoluit, hanc regni statuit unitatem, ab omnibus et diligitur et timetur; eaedem leges, quae uni Deo subiectae sunt, ubique dominantur; ubicumque ignotus accessero, repentinam uim tamquam destitutus non pertimesco.
the one God, who in the times when he willed to make himself known established this unity of the empire, is loved and feared by all; the same laws, which are subject to the one God, rule everywhere; wherever I come unknown, I do not dread sudden violence as one left defenseless.
Notes and citation
Summary: One God and one law now prevail everywhere.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.5 (CSEL 5:280–281; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.6CSEL 5:281
inter Romanos, ut dixi, Romanus, inter Christianos Christianus, inter homines homo legibus inploro rempublicam, religione conscientiam, communione naturam. utor temporarie omni terra quasi patria, quia quae uera est et illa quam amo patria in terra penitus non est.
Among Romans, as I said, a Roman, among Christians a Christian, among men a man, I appeal to the commonwealth through its laws, to conscience through religion, to nature through our common humanity. For the time being I use every land as my homeland, because the true homeland, the one I love, is not on earth at all.
Heb 11:14 (echo, low confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: His true homeland is not on earth.
- Compare Heb 11:13–16 and Phil 3:20 (not cited explicitly).
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip eat for est): in terra penitus non eat → in terra penitus non est.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.6 (CSEL 5:281; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.7CSEL 5:281
nihil perdidi, ubi nihil amaui, totumque habeo, quando quem diligo mecum est, maxime quia et apud omnes idem est, qui me non modo notum omnibus uerum et proximum facit, nec egentem deserit, quia ipsius est terra et plenitudo eius, ex qua omnibus omnia iussit esse communia.
I have lost nothing where I loved nothing, and I have everything when he whom I love is with me, especially since he is also the same among all, he who makes me not only known to all but their neighbor, and does not desert me in need, because “the earth is his, and its fullness,” from which he commanded that all things be common to all.
Ps 24:1 (23:1 LXX) (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: God, who owns the earth, makes all men neighbors.
- Quotation of Ps 24:1 (LXX 23:1).
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip; stray period): ubi nihil amani → ubi nihil amaui; maxime quia. et → maxime quia et; ipsius est terra. et → ipsius est terra et.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.7 (CSEL 5:281; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.2.8CSEL 5:281
haec sunt nostrorum temporum bona: quae in totum uel in tranquillitate praesentium uel in spe futurorum uel in perfugio communi non habuere maiores, ac per hoc incessabilia bella gesserunt, quia, mutandarum sedium communione non libera, persistendo in sedibus suis aut infeliciter necati sunt aut turpiter seruierunt. quod clarius promptiusque ipsis ueterum gestis per ordinem explicitis aperietur.
These are the goods of our times, which the ancestors did not have at all, whether in the tranquility of the present, or in the hope of the future, or in a common refuge; and so they waged ceaseless wars, because, not being free to change their dwellings in common, they stayed in their dwellings and were either unhappily killed or shamefully enslaved. This will be shown more clearly and readily when the deeds of the ancients themselves are set out in order.
Notes and citation
Summary: The goods of the present age, which the ancients lacked.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.2.8 (CSEL 5:281; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-2-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
Seven 5, chapter 3
5.3.1CSEL 5:281–282
Anno ab Vrbe condita DCVI, hoc est eodem anno, quo et Carthago deleta est, Cn. Cornelio Lentulo L. Mummio consulibus ruinam Carthaginis euersio Corinthi subsecuta est, duarumque potentissimarum urbium paruo unius temporis interuallo per diuersas mundi partes miserabile conluxit incendium.
In the 606th year from the founding of the City, that is, in the same year in which Carthage was destroyed, in the consulship of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Mummius, the overthrow of Corinth followed the ruin of Carthage, and within a small interval of one time a pitiable fire blazed from two most powerful cities in different parts of the world.
Notes and citation
Summary: Corinth falls in the year Carthage is destroyed.
- 146 BC.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slips): hoc eat eodem anno, quot et → hoc est eodem anno, quo et.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.1 (CSEL 5:281–282; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.2CSEL 5:282
nam cum Metellus praetor Achaeos Boeotiosque coniunctos duobus bellis, hoc est primum apud Thermopylas,
For when the praetor Metellus had defeated the Achaeans and Boeotians, who were joined together, in two battles, first at Thermopylae,
Notes and citation
Summary: Metellus defeats the Achaeans and Boeotians.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): coninnctos → coniunctos.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.2 (CSEL 5:282; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-2
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.3CSEL 5:282
iterum in Phocide uicisset — quorum priore bello occisa esse xx milia, secundo VII milia caesa Claudius historicus refert, Valerius et Antias in Achaia pugnatum et xx milia Achaeorum cum duce suo Diaeo cecidisse confirmant, Polybius Achiuus quamuis tunc in Africa cum Scipione fuerit, tamen, quia domesticam cladem ignorare non potuit, semel in Achaia pugnatum Critolao duce adserit, Diaeum uero adducentem ex Arcadia militem ab eodem Metello praetore oppressum cum exercitu docet;
and again in Phocis (the historian Claudius reports that twenty thousand were killed in the first battle and seven thousand slain in the second; Valerius and Antias assert that the battle was fought in Achaea and that twenty thousand Achaeans fell with their leader Diaeus; Polybius the Achaean, although he was then in Africa with Scipio, yet because he could not be ignorant of a disaster at home, states that there was one battle in Achaea under the leadership of Critolaus, and shows that Diaeus, when he was bringing up soldiers from Arcadia, was crushed with his army by the same praetor Metellus;
Notes and citation
Summary: The historians disagree about the Achaean battles.
- “Valerius et Antias” as printed; Valerius Antias is one historian, and the “et” may be an error of Orosius or of the tradition.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): Diaeum nero → Diaeum uero.
Extrabiblical texts: Valerius Antias (Valerius Antias (fragments); allusion)
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.3 (CSEL 5:282; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-3
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.4CSEL 5:282
sed de uarietate discordantium historicorum aliquanta iam diximus, quorum sufficiat detecta haec et male nota mendaciorum nota, quia parum credendum esse in ceteris euidenter ostendunt qui in his quoque, quae ipsi uidere, diuersi
but I have already said a good deal about the variety of discordant historians; let it suffice that this mark of falsehood has been detected and noted, because those who differ even in matters they themselves saw clearly show that little is to be believed in the rest)
Notes and citation
Summary: The historians' disagreements show their unreliability.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (digitization slip): disoordantium → discordantium.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.4 (CSEL 5:282; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.5CSEL 5:282–283
sunt — igitur post extincta totius Achaiae praesidia destitutarum euersionem urbium Metello praetore meditante consul Mummius repentinus cum paucis uenit in castra. qui dimisso statim Metello Corinthum sine mora expugnauit, urbem toto tunc Orbe longe omnium opulentissimam, quippe quae uelut officina omnium artificum atque artificiorum et emporium commune Asiae atque Europae per multa. retro saecula fuit.
so then, after the forces of all Achaea had been destroyed, while the praetor Metellus was planning the overthrow of the defenseless cities, the consul Mummius came suddenly to the camp with a few men. He at once dismissed Metellus and without delay stormed Corinth, then by far the richest city in the whole world, since for many ages past it had been like a workshop of all craftsmen and crafts and the common market of Asia and Europe.
Notes and citation
Summary: Mummius takes Corinth.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.5 (CSEL 5:282–283; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-5
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.6CSEL 5:283
permissa crudeliter etiam captiuis praedandi licentia sic omnia caedibus ignibusque conpleta sunt, ut de murorum ambitu quasi e camino in unum apicem coartatum exundaret incendium. itaque plurima parte populi ferro flammisque consumpta reliqua sub corona uendita est; urbe incensa muri funditus diruti sunt; muralis lapis in puluerem redactus, praeda ingens erepta est.
Since license to plunder was cruelly granted even to captives, everything was so filled with slaughter and fire that the conflagration poured out from the circuit of the walls as from a furnace, narrowed into one peak. So the greater part of the people was consumed by sword and flame, and the rest was sold at auction; the city was burned and the walls razed to the ground; the stone of the walls was reduced to dust, and enormous booty was carried off.
Notes and citation
Summary: Corinth is sacked and burned.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray hyphen): ut- de → ut de.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.6 (CSEL 5:283; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-6
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).
5.3.7CSEL 5:283
sane cum propter multitudinem et uarietatem statuarum simulacrorumque in illo ciuitatis incendio permixta in unum auri argenti atque aeris omniaque simul metalla fluxissent, nouum genus metalli factum est, unde usque in hodiernum diem siue ex ipso siue ex imitatione eius aes Corinthium, sicut memoriae traditum est, et Corinthia uasa dicuntur.
Indeed, because of the number and variety of the statues and images, in that fire of the city gold, silver, and bronze, and all metals together, melted and flowed into one, and a new kind of metal was made; from it, whether from that very metal or from imitation of it, Corinthian bronze and Corinthian vessels are, as tradition records, so called down to the present day.
Notes and citation
Summary: The origin of Corinthian bronze.
Cite (SBL): Orosius, Hist. 5.3.7 (CSEL 5:283; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/orosius-historiae/5-3-7
BibTeX · RIS · CSL-JSON (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-orosius-historiae-5-3-7) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin of Zangemeister, CSEL 5 (1882), digital text (OCR slips corrected by logged corrections; Zangemeister's square brackets treated as deletions), then compared with the copyrighted translation in Fathers of the Church 50 (Deferrari; private error-checking only, nothing copied).