Second Apology 10

Summary: Philosophers knew parts of the truth through the Word; Christ is the whole Word, for whom even the uneducated die, as no one died for Socrates.

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Greek text · Rauschen, 128

Μεγαλειότερα μὲν οὖν πάσης ἀνθρωπείου διδασκαλίας φαίνεται τὰ ἡμέτερα διὰ τοῦ τὸ λογικὸν τὸ ὅλον τὸν φανέντα διʼ ἡμᾶς Χριστὸν γεγονέναι καὶ σῶμα καὶ λόγον καὶ ψυχήν. Ὅσα γὰρ καλῶς ἀεὶ ἐφθέγξαντο καὶ εὗρον οἱ φιλοσοφήσαντες ἢ νομοθετήσαντες, κατὰ λόγου μέρος διʼ εὑρέσεως καὶ θεωρίας ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὐ πάντα τὰ τοῦ λόγου ἐγνώρισαν, ὅς ἐστι Χριστός, καὶ ἐναντία ἑαυτοῖς πολλάκις εἶπον. Καὶ οἱ προγεγενημένοι τοῦ Χριστοῦ, κατὰ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον λόγῳ πειραθέντες τὰ πράγματα θεωρῆσαι καὶ ἐλέγξαι, ὡς ἀσεβεῖς καὶ περίεργοι εἰς δικαστήρια ἤχθησαν. Ὁ πάντων δὲ αὐτῶν εὐτονώτερος πρὸς τοῦτο γενόμενος Σωκράτης τὰ αὐτὰ ἡμῖν ἐνεκλήθη· καὶ γὰρ ἔφασαν αὐτὸν καινὰ δαιμόνια εἰσφέρειν, καὶ οὓς ἡ πόλις νομίζει θεοὺς μὴ ἡγεῖσθαι αὐτόν. Ὁ δὲ δαίμονας μὲν τοὺς φαύλους καὶ τοὺς πράξαντας ἃ ἔφασαν οἱ ποιηταί, ἐκβαλὼν τῆς πολιτείας καὶ Ὅμηρον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ποιητάς, παραιτεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐδίδαξε, πρὸς θεοῦ δὲ τοῦ ἀγνώστου αὐτοῖς διὰ λόγου ζητήσεως ἐπίγνωσιν προὐτρέπετο, εἰπών· „Τὸν δὲ πατέρα καὶ δημιουργὸν πάντων οὔθʼ εὑρεῖν ῥᾴδιον, οὔθʼ εὑρόντα εἰς πάντας εἰπεῖν ἀσφαλές“. Ἅ ὁ ἡμέτερος Χριστὸς διὰ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ δυνάμεως ἔπραξε. Σωκράτει μὲν γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἐπείσθη ὑπὲρ τούτου τοῦ δόγματος ἀποθνήσκειν· Χριστῷ δέ, τῷ καὶ ὑπὸ Σωκράτους ἀπὸ μέρους γνωσθέντι (λόγος γὰρ ἦν καὶ ἔστιν ὁ ἐν παντὶ ὤν, καὶ διὰ τῶν προφητῶν προειπὼν τὰ μέλλοντα γίνεσθαι καὶ διʼ ἑαυτοῦ ὁμοιοπαθοῦς γενομένου καὶ διδάξαντος ταῦτα), οὐ φιλόσοφοι οὐδὲ φιλόλογοι μόνον ἐπείσθησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ χειροτέχναι καὶ παντελῶς ἰδιῶται, καὶ δόξης καὶ φόβου καὶ θανάτου καταφρονήσαντες· ἐπειδὴ δύναμίς ἐστι τοῦ ἀῤῥήτου πατρὸς καὶ οὐχὶ ἀνθρωπείου λόγου τὰ σκεύη.

English · Claude translation

Our teachings, then, are clearly greater than all human teaching, because the whole rational principle became Christ, who appeared for our sake: body, and Word, and soul. For whatever the philosophers and lawgivers ever rightly said and discovered, they worked out by discovery and contemplation according to a part of the Word. But since they did not know all that belongs to the Word, who is Christ, they often contradicted themselves. And those who lived before Christ, when they tried by human reason to consider and examine things, were brought before the courts as ungodly and meddlesome. Socrates, who was more earnest in this than all of them, was accused of the same things as we are; for they said that he introduced new divinities and did not believe in the gods the city recognizes. But he taught men to reject the evil demons, and those who did the things the poets told of, casting Homer and the other poets out of the state, and urged them to seek the knowledge of the God unknown to them by the search of reason, saying: “The Father and Maker of all it is not easy to find, nor, having found him, safe to declare him to all.” This our Christ did by his own power. For no one trusted Socrates so far as to die for this teaching; but Christ, who was known in part even by Socrates (for he was and is the Word who is in everything, who foretold what was to come both through the prophets and through himself when he became of like passions with us and taught these things), has been trusted not only by philosophers and scholars, but also by craftsmen and people wholly uneducated, who despised glory and fear and death; since he is the power of the ineffable Father, and not the vessel of human reason.

About this passage

Source
Rauschen, 128 · Gerhard Rauschen, ed., S. Iustini Apologiae duae, Florilegium Patristicum 2 (Bonn: Hanstein, 1911), 114–136 · Greek text: G. Rauschen, S. Iustini Apologiae duae (Florilegium Patristicum 2, 1911), digitized by the Perseus Digital Library and published by the First Thousand Years of Greek project (Open Greek and Latin), CC BY-SA 4.0
Translation
Claude translation (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-26 · Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Rauschen (Florilegium Patristicum 2, 1911); made independently of existing English translations.
Scripture
Extrabiblical texts
  • Plato, Tim. 28c (Plato (works)) · quotation, high confidence
  • Plato, Apol. 24b (Plato (works)) · allusion, high confidence
  • Plato, Resp. 398a (Plato (works)) · allusion, medium confidence
Topics
Christology

Notes

Translation notes

  • “The whole rational principle (τὸ λογικὸν τὸ ὅλον) became Christ … body, and Word, and soul”: Justin affirms that Christ had a full human nature (body and soul) as well as being the Word.
  • “The Father and Maker of all…”: Plato, Timaeus 28c.
  • Socrates' charges: Plato, Apology 24b; Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.1. Casting out the poets: Plato, Republic 398a, 595a–607a.
  • This chapter has the same number in older editions and in ANF.
  • “By human reason” (κατὰ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον λόγῳ): the phrase can also be taken with “those who lived before Christ,” i.e. “those born before Christ in his human birth” (so ANF).

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (digitization slip against Rauschen's printed text (wrong breathing and accent)): πράξαντας ὰ ἔφασαν → πράξαντας ἃ ἔφασαν.

Cite this passage

Justin, 2 Apol. 10 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/justin-2-apology/10/).

Plain text
Justin, 2 Apol. 10 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/justin-2-apology/10/).

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