The Instructor 1.6.39
Summary: Clement argues from ancient physiology that milk is changed blood, so that milk and meat, flesh and blood, are one in substance, against those who rank “solid food” above milk.
Greek text · Stählin 1:113–114
Εἰ δὲ ἄρα προσφιλονεικεῖν ἐθέλοιέν τινες τὰ πρῶτα μαθήματα τὸ γάλα μηνύειν λέγοντες, ὡσανεὶ πρώτας τροφάς, τὸ δὲ βρῶμα τὰς πνευματικὰς ἐπιγνώσεις, σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀνάγοντες εἰς γνῶσιν, ἴστωσαν, ὡς ἄρα στερεὰν τροφὴν τὸ βρῶμα λέγοντες καὶ σάρκα καὶ αἷμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὑποφέρονται τῇ σφῶν αὐτῶν μεγαλαύχῳ σοφίᾳ ἐπὶ τὴν ἁπλότητα τὴν ἀληθῆ. πρωτόγονον γὰρ τὸ αἷμα εὑρίσκεται ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ, ὃ δή τινες οὐσίαν εἰπεῖν ψυχῆς τετολμήκασιν· τοῦτο δὴ τὸ αἷμα φυσικῇ τρεπόμενον πέψει, κυησάσης τῆς μητρός, φιλοστοργίᾳ συμπαθεῖ ἐξανθεῖ καὶ γηράσκει πρὸς τὸ ἄφοβον τοῦ παιδίου· καὶ ἔστι μὲν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑγρότερον τὸ αἷμα, οἷον ὑγρά τις οὖσα σάρξ, τοῦ δὲ αἵματος νοστιμώτερον τὸ γάλα καὶ λεπτομερέστερον. εἴτε γὰρ τὸ ἐπιχορηγούμενον αἷμα τῷ ἐμβρύῳ καὶ διὰ μητρῴου πρότερον ἐπιπεμπόμενον ὀμφαλοῦ εἴτε αὖ τὸ καταμήνιον αὐτό, ἀποκλεισθὲν τῆς οἰκείας φορᾶς, κατὰ φυσικὴν ἀνάχυσιν χωρεῖν κελεύεται πρὸς τοῦ παντρόφου καὶ γενεσιουργοῦ θεοῦ ἐπὶ τοὺς φλεγμαίνοντας ἤδη μαστοὺς καὶ ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἀλλοιούμενον θερμοῦ ποθεινὴ σκευάζεται τῷ νηπίῳ τροφή, αἷμα τὸ μεταβάλλον ἐστί. μάλιστα γὰρ πάντων μελῶν μαστοὶ συμπαθεῖς μήτρᾳ. ἐπὰν οὖν κατὰ τοὺς τόκους ἀποκοπὴν λάβῃ τὸ ἀγγεῖον, διʼ οὗ πρὸς τὸ ἔμβρυον τὸ αἷμα ἐφέρετο, μύσις μὲν γίνεται τοῦ πόρου, τὴν δὲ ὁρμὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς μαστοὺς τὸ αἷμα λαμβάνει καὶ πολλῆς τῆς ἐπιφορᾶς γενομένης διατείνονται καὶ μεταβάλλει τὸ αἷμα εἰς γάλα, ἀναλόγως τῇ ἐπὶ τῆς ἑλκώσεως εἰς πῦον τοῦ αἵματος μεταβολῇ· εἴτε αὖ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν μαστοῖς παρακειμένων φλεβῶν ἀναστομουμένων κατὰ τὰς διατάσεις τῆς κυήσεως τὸ αἷμα μεταχεῖται εἰς τὰς φυσικὰς τῶν μαστῶν σήραγγας, τούτῳ δὲ ἀνακιρνάμενον τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν γειτνιωσῶν καταπεμπόμενον ἀρτηριῶν πνεῦμα, μενούσης ἔτι τῆς ὑποκειμένης ἀκεραίου τοῦ αἵματος οὐσίας, ἐκκυμαινόμενον λευκαίνεται καὶ τῇ τοιαύτῃ ἀνακοπῇ κατʼ ἐξαφρισμὸν μεταβάλλεται, παραπλήσιόν τι πεπονθὸς τῇ θαλάττῃ, ἣν δὴ κατὰ τὰς ἐμβολὰς τῶν πνευμάτων οἱ ποιηταί φασιν »ἀποπτύειν ἁλὸς ἄχνην«· πλὴν ἀλλὰ αἷμα ἔχει τὴν οὐσίαν.
English · Claude translation
But if some want to argue further, saying that milk signifies the first lessons, as the first food, and solid food spiritual knowledge, raising themselves up to knowledge, let them know that when they call solid food meat and the flesh and blood of Jesus, they are brought down by their own boastful wisdom to the true simplicity. For blood is found to be the first thing formed in a human being, and some have even dared to call it the substance of the soul. This blood, changed by a natural digestion when the mother conceives, blooms and ages through sympathetic love, so that the child need not fear. Blood is more liquid than flesh, being a kind of liquid flesh; and milk is more nourishing than blood and finer in texture. For whether the blood supplied to the embryo, previously sent through the mother's navel, or the menstrual flow itself, shut off from its proper course, is commanded by God, who nourishes all and brings all to birth, to go by a natural diffusion to the breasts, now swelling, and, changed by warm air, is prepared as desirable food for the infant, it is the blood that is changed. For of all the members the breasts are in closest sympathy with the womb. So when, at birth, the vessel by which blood was carried to the embryo is cut off, its passage closes, and the blood takes its course toward the breasts; and when much of it flows there, they are distended and the blood is changed into milk, just as blood is changed into pus in an ulcer. Or again, the veins beside the breasts open when they are stretched in pregnancy, and the blood pours into the natural cavities of the breasts; mixed with the air sent down from the neighboring arteries, while the underlying substance of the blood remains intact, it foams and turns white, and by such agitation is changed into froth, much as the sea, which the poets say, when winds strike it, “spits out the foam of the brine.” But its substance remains blood.
About this passage
Notes
Translation notes
- Clement follows the medical theory of his day (compare Aristotle and Galen) that breast milk is blood changed by heat and air. The point is theological: milk and blood are the same substance, so the “milk” of simple faith and the “flesh and blood” of Christ are not two different grades of teaching.
- “Some have even dared to call it the substance of the soul” recalls Lev 17:11 and philosophers such as Empedocles. The poetic phrase is from Homer, Iliad 4.426.
Cite this passage
Clement of Alexandria, Paed. 1.6.39 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/clement-paedagogus/1/6/39/).
Plain text
Clement of Alexandria, Paed. 1.6.39 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/clement-paedagogus/1/6/39/).
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