Commentary on Philemon (complete)
Authorship disputed: Transmitted under Ambrose's name in the Maurist edition (PL 17); since Erasmus the author, whose name is unknown, has been called Ambrosiaster. Spurious as Ambrose's.
Latin text: Migne, PL 17 (Latin text: Migne, Patrologia Latina, digitized by Open Greek and Latin (patrologia_latina-dev, University of Leipzig), CC BY-SA 4.0).English: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), public domain (CC0).
Prologue to the Commentary on Philemon
0.1PL 17
PROLOGUS. Philemon nulla erat ecclesiasticae ordinationis præditus dignUatc, sed vir laudabilis, unus ex plebe. Cui causa Onesimi servi ejus familiaris, litteras facit; lit non solum ignoscat ei I sed et Deo gratias agat ; quia talem illum recepit, ut non servum æstimet, sed dilectissimum fratrem. CAPUT PRIMUM.
Prologue. Philemon was endowed with no dignity of church order, but was a praiseworthy man, one of the people. To him he writes a letter on behalf of Onesimus, his household slave, so that he might not only pardon him but also give thanks to God, because he received him back such that he would regard him not as a slave but as a most beloved brother. Chapter 1.
Notes and citation
Summary: The prologue explains that Paul writes to Philemon, a layman, asking him to receive back his slave Onesimus as a brother.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (leaked PL column number): 317 PROLOGUS. → PROLOGUS..
Topics: Slavery
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 0.1 (PL 17; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/0-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/0-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
Chapter 1
1.1PL 17
Paulus vinclu. Christi Jesu, et Timolheu, (raler Philemoni dilecto fratri, et laborum nobis participi, et Appiæ sorori charissimæ, et Archippo eomnzililon; nostro, et domesticæ ejus Ecclesiæ. Gratia vobis et pax a Deo Patre. nostro, et Domino Jesu Christo. Ut dignitatem epistolæ a se missæ faceret, ab injuria sua coepit. Sicut enim peccati causa vincin opprobrium est, ita e contra pro Christo custodiæ vincula sustinere maxima gloria; eo enim tempore quo hanc epistolam misit, in custodia erat. Quamvis autem clericus non fuerit Philemon, lameD intererat ecclesiasticis necessitatibus causa devotionis, unde participem hunc dicit laborum. Sunt enim multi, qui cum sint digni; excusant tamen, in- Mimos semetipsos judicantes tanti ministerii : unde vere digni apparent.
“Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy our brother, to Philemon our beloved brother and partner in our labors, and to Apphia our dearest sister, and to Archippus our fellow soldier, and to the church in his house: grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.” To give dignity to the letter he sent, he began from his own injury. For just as being in chains for a sin is a disgrace, so on the contrary to endure the chains of custody for Christ is the greatest glory; for at the time when he sent this letter he was in custody. And although Philemon was not a cleric, yet he took part in the church’s needs out of devotion, and hence he calls him a partner in their labors. For there are many who, though they are worthy, nevertheless excuse themselves, judging themselves least for so great a ministry; and so they appear truly worthy.
Phlm 1:1–3 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul begins from his chains for Christ, a mark of glory, and calls Philemon, though not a cleric, a partner because he served the church’s needs.
Topics: Persecution
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.1 (PL 17; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-1
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.4PL 17
Cratias ago Deo meo, semper mentionem tui jaciens in orationibus meis, audiens fidem tuam et charitatem, quam habes in Dominum Jesum, et in omnes sanctos; ut communicatio tua accepta fiat in agnitione omnis boni, quæ ill nobis est in Christo. Caudere se dicit, et Deo gratias referre in precibus suis, quia firmus erat in fide, et bonis operibus insistebat: qui enim diligit Christum, a probare hoc debet in servos ejus, sciens Dominum sibi imputaturum quidquid constiterit erogatum in servis. Apostolus tamen hoc se dicit addere prec;bus, lIt operatio ejus cunt cognitione fiat bonitatis; hoc eSI, ut tali hoc mente operetur, ut in futurum hujus rei exspectet mercedem.
“I give thanks to my God, always making mention of you in my prayers, hearing of your faith and love which you have toward the Lord Jesus and toward all the saints, that your sharing may become acceptable in the knowledge of every good that is in us in Christ.” He says that he rejoices and gives thanks to God in his prayers because he was firm in faith and applied himself to good works; for one who loves Christ ought to prove it toward his servants, knowing that the Lord will credit to himself whatever has been spent on his servants. Yet the apostle says that he adds this to his prayers, that his work may be done with knowledge of goodness; that is, that he may do this with such a mind as to expect a reward for it in the future.
Phlm 1:4–6 (quotation, high confidence) · Matt 25:40 (allusion, medium confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul thanks God for Philemon’s faith and generosity to the saints and prays that he will give with an eye to the future reward.
Topics: Prayer
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.4 (PL 17; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-4
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.7PL 17:505
Gaudium enim magnum habui et eonsolationem super charitate tua; quia viscera sanctorum requieverunt per te, (rater. Manifestum est quia idcirco se significat lætum esse; quia sanctorum necessitatibus utensilia ministrabat : unde et plus gaudet, certus ex hoc quia obsequeretur et mandatis ejus, quem constat esse potiorem.
“For I have had great joy and comfort in your love, because the hearts of the saints have been refreshed through you, brother.” It is plain that he indicates he is glad for this reason, that he supplied what was needed for the necessities of the saints; and hence he rejoices the more, sure from this that he would also obey the commands of the one who is plainly greater.
Phlm 1:7 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul rejoices at Philemon’s care for the saints and is sure he will also heed Paul’s request.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.7 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-7
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.8PL 17:505
Quapropter multam fiduciam habens in Christo imperandi tibi, quod ad rem pertinet; propter charitatem tamen magis deprecor, cum ais talis, ut Paulus senex : nunc autem et vinctus Christi Jesu. Quantum ratio exigebat , dignum crat imperate discipulo magistrum ex fiducia apostolicæ auctoritatis : sed quia vir bonus erat Philemon, per affectum illum provocat obaudire, quasi coævum ætatis, et vinctum Christi Jesu, id est, obligatum xegotiis Dominicis, vel propter nomen ej"s subjectum vincutis, sicut erant et ipsi apostoli. Tales enim fuerunt Judas et Silas, qui cum ex plebe essent primores inter fratres , obligaverant semetipsos Dominicis actibus (Ael. xv, 22 et seq.); ut una cum apostolicis I coagonizarent b propter fidem Dei. Unde Silas particeps laborum invenitur Apostoli.
“Therefore, though I have much confidence in Christ to command you what is fitting, yet for love’s sake I rather entreat, since you are such a one, as Paul an old man, and now also a prisoner of Christ Jesus.” As far as reason required, it was right for the teacher to command the disciple, in the confidence of apostolic authority; but because Philemon was a good man, he urges him by affection to obey, as one of his own age, and as a prisoner of Christ Jesus, that is, bound to the Lord’s business, or subjected to chains for his name, as the apostles themselves were. For such were Judas and Silas, who, though they were from the people, were leading men among the brothers and had bound themselves to the Lord’s work (Acts 15:22), so as to struggle together with the apostles for the faith of God. Hence Silas is found a partner in the apostle’s labors.
Phlm 1:8–9 (quotation, high confidence) · Acts 15:22 (allusion, high confidence) · Acts 16:19–25 (allusion, medium confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul, though able to command, appeals in love to Philemon, as one bound like himself to the Lord’s work, like Judas and Silas.
- The lemma reads “since you are such a one, as Paul an old man”; Ambrosiaster takes Philemon as Paul’s equal in age (“coaevum aetatis”).
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.8 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-8
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.10PL 17:505
Ubsecro te, pro meo filio, quem genui in vinculis, Onesimo quondam tibi inutili, nunc vero tibi mihique perutiti, quem remisi ad te. Tu autem illum, sicut mea viacera suscipe : quem ego volueram apud me ipsum retinere, ut pro te mihi miniatraret in vinculis Evangelii : sed citra tuum consilium nihil volui jacere ; ut non velut ex necessitate bonum tuum elSet, aed voluntarium. Nun magnum est humilem inclinare se, laudabile vero sublimem virum humiliare se; ideo Apostolus rogat eum , cui imperandi habet potestatem, ut in omnibus forma sit ad profectum meritorum. Onesimum ergo profugum recurrentem ad divinum auxilium, cum esset in custodia urbis Romae baptizavit Apostolus (Act. XXVIII, i6), videns in illo utilitatis spem. Quem sic commendat, ut suum animum in Uto significet idoneum ex inutili factum tam sæcularibus , quam divinis obsequiis.
“I beseech you for my son, whom I have begotten in chains, Onesimus, once unprofitable to you, but now very profitable to you and to me, whom I have sent back to you. Receive him as my own heart; whom I had wanted to keep with me, so that he might minister to me in your place in the chains of the gospel; but without your consent I wanted to do nothing, so that your good deed might not be as of necessity but voluntary.” It is no great thing for a humble man to bow down, but it is praiseworthy for a lofty man to humble himself; therefore the apostle asks the one whom he has the power to command, so as to be a pattern in all things for the advance of merits. So the apostle baptized Onesimus, a runaway who had recourse to divine help, when he was in custody in the city of Rome (Acts 28:16), seeing in him hope of usefulness. He commends him in such a way as to indicate his own mind in him, made fit from unfit for both worldly and divine services.
Phlm 1:10–14 (quotation, high confidence) · Acts 28:16 (allusion, medium confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul, who baptized the runaway Onesimus in his Roman custody, humbly asks rather than commands Philemon to receive him back, now useful to both.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (leaked PL column number): omnibus 318 forma → omnibus forma.
Topics: Baptism
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.10 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-10
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.15PL 17:505
Forsitan enim idcirco secessit ad horam, ut in æternum illum reciperes : non jam uelut servum, sed pro servo dilectum fratrem, maxime mihi ; quanto autem magis tibi et in carne et in Domino? Onesimus, offenso domino proprio, confugit longa peregrinatione ad Apostolum; ut ostenderet se non ad hoc recessisse, ut delicti esset obnoxius, sed ut obliteratis peccatis, utilis reverteretur in tantum, ut non solum domino suo aequalis fieret meritis, sed et ipsi magistro frater. Et ne Philemon aliquod, ut assolet, quasi dominus adversum semum, fastidium illationis pateretur, humiliat illum, cum dicit illum fratrem et in carne ct in Domino ; ut sublata humanæ conditionis causa, quia omnes ex uno sumus Adam, fratres nos cognoscamus : maxime cum fides accedit media, quæ omnem superbiam amputat.
“For perhaps he departed for an hour for this reason, that you might receive him for ever, no longer as a slave, but instead of a slave a beloved brother, especially to me, but how much more to you, both in the flesh and in the Lord?” Onesimus, having offended his own master, fled on a long journey to the apostle, so as to show that he had not departed in order to be liable for his offense, but so that, his sins wiped out, he might return useful to such a degree that he became not only his master’s equal in merits but also a brother to the teacher himself. And lest Philemon, as often happens, should, as a master against a slave, take offense at the request, he humbles him when he calls him a brother both in the flesh and in the Lord; so that, the reason of human condition being removed, since we are all from the one Adam, we may recognize ourselves as brothers, especially when faith comes between, which cuts away all pride.
Phlm 1:15–16 (quotation, high confidence) · Acts 17:26 (allusion, low confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Onesimus’s flight led to his conversion, so that he returns as Philemon’s brother, since all descend from Adam and faith removes pride.
Topics: Baptism, Ethics, Slavery
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.15 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-15). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-15
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.17PL 17:505
Si ergo C habes me sociam, assume illum sicut me. Tantum sc affectum habere circa Onesimum ostendit, ut tunc Philemonem, quem superius laudat, participem suum dicat, si istum sic susceperit, sicut Apostolum. Hoc est enim quod dixit Salomon : Serto sapienti liberi servient (Eccles. x, 28). Quod dictum terrori est Philemoni, ut saltem vel bac causa assumeret eum, si charitate flecti non posset.
“If, then, you hold me as a partner, receive him as me.” He shows that he has so much affection toward Onesimus that he calls Philemon, whom he praises above, his partner only if he receives him as he would the apostle. This is what Solomon said: “Free men will serve a wise slave” (Sir 10:25). This saying is meant to alarm Philemon, so that he might receive him at least for this reason, if he could not be moved by love.
Phlm 1:17 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul asks Philemon to receive Onesimus as he would Paul himself, adding a warning from Sirach that free men serve a wise slave.
- The proverb is Sir 10:25 (Vulgate Eccli 10:28), cited as “Eccles. x, 28” and ascribed to Solomon.
Extrabiblical texts: Sir 10:25 (Sirach [in RC, EO, ETH canons]; quotation)
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.17 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-17). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-17
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.18PL 17:505
Si autem aliquid læsit te, aut debitor eat, "oc mihi imputa. Nunc excusationem iracundiae convellit; ne forte sic læsum se esse ab eo quereretur, ut illi ignoscendum minime videretur. Quod si esset, sibi imputandum dicit, per quem regni cælorum hæredes futuri sunt, qui ante peccaverunt.
“But if he has wronged you in anything, or owes anything, charge it to me.” Now he tears away the excuse for anger, lest perhaps he should complain that he had been so wronged by him that pardon seemed not at all fitting. If that were so, he says it should be charged to him, through whom those who sinned before will become heirs of the kingdom of heaven.
Phlm 1:18 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul removes any excuse for anger by taking Onesimus’s debts on himself.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.18 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-18). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-18
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.19PL 17:505
Ego Paulus scripsi manu men, ego reddam ; ut non dicant libi quod etiam te ipsum mihi debes. Si qua offensa est Onesimi, cautionem suam testatur se esse idoneam ; ut pro illo satisfaciat. Et ut verum loquatur, suberigit se, et dicit quia minus ab illo exigit, quam debere probatur. In servo enim cogitur satisfacere ; quia seipsum debito onerat.
“I, Paul, have written with my own hand: I will repay; not to say to you that you owe me even your own self.” If there is any offense of Onesimus, he testifies that his own guarantee is sufficient to make satisfaction for him. And to speak the truth, he draws himself up and says that he asks less from him than he is shown to owe. For he is compelled to make satisfaction in the matter of a slave, because he burdens himself with the debt.
Phlm 1:19 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul signs a pledge to repay, while reminding Philemon that he owes Paul his very self.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.19 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-19). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-19
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.20PL 17:505
Ita frater, sic ego te (ruar in Domino, rerove viscera mea in Christo. Fiduciam habens obauditionis tuæ. scripsi tibi, sciens quia supra quam dico, facies. Modo blanditur, ut obauditio ejus voluntaria sit; ut possit fructum babere. Sic enim provocat eum, lit amplius faciat, quam postulatur ab eo; solet enim fieri, ut qui videt Lene de se sentiri, meliorem se præbeat.
“Yes, brother, may I so enjoy you in the Lord; refresh my heart in Christ. Confident of your obedience, I have written to you, knowing that you will do even more than I say.” Now he speaks gently, so that his obedience may be voluntary and so may bear fruit. For he urges him in such a way that he may do more than is asked of him; for it commonly happens that one who sees that he is well thought of shows himself better.
Phlm 1:20–21 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul gently expresses confidence that Philemon will do even more than he asks.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.20 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-20). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-20
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.22PL 17:505
Simul autem et præpara mihi hospitium; spero enim quod per oraliollt. vestras donator vobis. Ut sollicitiorem illum faciat, et magis obediat , venturum se esse illi significat; solent enim absentes contemni. Et ut quid Apostolus hie adhuc esse non dedignatur, qui semper tædia passus est et exitia , cædes. persecutiones, ac vincula, et cujus requies non erat, nisi ill solo Christo ? d Sed propter profectum credentium, ut et inimicos crucis Christi confunderet ad Dei gloriam augmentandam , carnem suam passionibus offerebat; ut animæ suae et corpori coronas imrnortalitatis acquireret.
“At the same time prepare a lodging for me; for I hope that through your prayers I shall be given to you.” To make him more careful and more obedient, he indicates that he will come to him; for the absent are commonly disregarded. And why does the apostle not disdain to remain here still, who always suffered weariness and deadly dangers, beatings, persecutions, and chains, and whose rest was nowhere but in Christ alone? But for the progress of believers, and to confound the enemies of the cross of Christ for the increase of God’s glory, he offered his flesh to sufferings, so as to gain crowns of immortality for his soul and body.
Phlm 1:22 (quotation, high confidence) · Phil 1:23–24 (allusion, medium confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul announces a visit to strengthen Philemon’s obedience, and willingly stays in this life of sufferings for the good of believers.
Topics: Persecution
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.22 (PL 17:505; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-22). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-22
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.23PL 17:505–507
Salutat te Epapphras concaptivus meus in Christo Jesu : Mareus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucus, adjutores mti. Hos bmnes participes gloriæ suæ testatur.
“Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus, greets you; Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, Luke, my helpers.” He testifies that all these are sharers in his glory.
Phlm 1:23–24 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul sends greetings from his fellow workers.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.23 (PL 17:505–507; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-23). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-23
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.
1.25PL 17:507
Gratie Domini nostri lena Christi cnm spiritu vestro, amen. Haee subscriptio Apostoli est confirmantis epistolam missam. a
“The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.” This is the signature of the apostle confirming the letter he sent.
Phlm 1:25 (quotation, high confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Paul’s closing blessing confirms the letter.
Cite (SBL): Ambrosiaster, Phlm. 1.25 (PL 17:507; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-25). (abbreviation not yet checked)
Permanent link: https://sophiascriptura.com/p/ambrosiaster-philemonem/1-25
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Translation: Translated by Claude from the Latin (PL 17; Questions: Souter, CSEL 50, 1908); re-read against the Latin, since no public-domain English exists.