To the Nations 2.11

Summary: Tertullian lists the minor Roman deities assigned to every stage of conception, birth, childhood, and marriage, including indecent wedding gods, to show the absurdity of such worship.

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Latin text · Oehler 1:373–377

Nec estis contenti eos deos asseverare qui visi retro, auditi contrectatique sunt, quorum effigies descriptae, negotia digesta, memoria propagata, umbras nescio quas incorporales, inanimales, et nomina de rebus efflagitant caelo et sanciunt, dividentes omnem statum hominis singulis potestatibus ab ipso quidem uteri conceptu, ut sit deus Consevius quidam, qui consationibus concubitalibus praesit, et Fluviona, quae infantem in utero retineat, hinc Vitumnus et Sentinus, per quem viviscat infans et sentiat primum, dehinc Diespiter, qui puerum perducat ad partum. Cum primum pariebant, et Candelifera, quoniam ad candelae lumina pariebant, et quae aliae deae sunt ab officiis partus dictae. Perverse natos adiuvandi Postvertae, recte natos Prosae Carmentis esse provinciam voluerunt. Deus est dictus et ab effatu Farinus et aliis a loquendo Locutius. Adest oculum gravem ad cavendum sumministratque quietem Cunina. Est educatrix et Levana et una Rumina. Mirum infantum sordibus eluendis deos non esse provisos. Exinde et primi cibi sumendi potionisque capiendae Potina et Edula, et statuendi infantis Statina. Adeundi Adeona, ab abeundo Abeona est. Domiducam et habent, et deam Mentem, quae faciat mentem bonam aeque et malam, item voluntatis Volumnum Voletamque. Habent et Paventinam pavoris, spei Veniliam, voluptatis Volupiam, praestantiae Praestitiam, aeque ab actu Peragenorem, a consiliis Consum, Iuventam novorum togatorum, virorum iam Fortuna Barbata. Si de nuptialibus disseram, Afferenda est ab afferendis dotibus ordinate, sed sunt, pro pudor! et Mutunus et Tutunus et dea Pertunda et Subigus et Prema dea et Perfica. Parcite dei impudentes! Luctantibus sponsis nemo intervenit. Ipsi, quorum votum est, foris gaudentes erubescunt.

English · Claude translation

Nor are you content to declare as gods those who were once seen, heard, and handled, whose likenesses have been portrayed, whose deeds are recorded and whose memory is handed down; you demand from heaven and ratify certain shades, bodiless, lifeless, names taken from things, dividing the whole course of human life among separate powers from the very conception in the womb. So there is a god Consevius, who presides over the sowing in intercourse, and Fluviona, who keeps the infant in the womb; then Vitumnus and Sentinus, through whom the infant first lives and feels; then Diespiter, who brings the child through to birth. When women began to give birth, there is Candelifera too, since they gave birth by candlelight, and other goddesses named from the duties of childbirth. They made it the province of Postverta to help those born the wrong way, and of Prosa Carmentis those born the right way. A god was named Farinus from speaking out, and by others Locutius from talking. Cunina stands by to ward off the evil eye and supplies rest. Levana too is a nurse, and Rumina with her. It is a wonder that no gods have been provided for washing off infants' filth. Next, for taking the first food and drink, Potina and Edula; for making the infant stand, Statina. For going to, Adeona; from going away, Abeona. They also have Domiduca, and the goddess Mens, who makes the mind good, and likewise bad; also Volumnus and Voleta, of the will. They also have Paventina, of fear; Venilia, of hope; Volupia, of pleasure; Praestitia, of excellence; likewise Peragenor, from doing; Consus, from counsels; Iuventa, of youths newly in the toga; and, for grown men, Bearded Fortune. If I should discuss the wedding gods, Afferenda, properly, is from the bringing of dowries; but there are also, for shame, Mutunus and Tutunus, and the goddess Pertunda, and Subigus, and the goddess Prema, and Perfica. Spare us, shameless gods! No one intrudes on struggling bridegrooms. Even those whose wish it is blush while they rejoice outside.

About this passage

Source
Oehler 1:373–377 · Franz Oehler, ed., Quinti Septimii Florentis Tertulliani quae supersunt omnia, vol. 1 (Leipzig: T. O. Weigel, 1853), 305–395 · Latin text: Franz Oehler (Oehler 1), digitized by the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit), CC BY-SA 4.0
Text
As printed in Oehler 1. Manuscript variants and the editor's apparatus are not reproduced; no textual problem is noted in this passage.
Translation
Claude translation (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 · Translated by Claude from the Latin text of Oehler 1; made independently of existing English translations.
Compare
Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3 (1885) (an older public-domain English translation, whole volume at CCEL; checked against ours only after ours was made)

Notes

Translation notes

  • The names come from Varro's lists of the Roman di certi, as preserved also in Augustine, City of God 4.11 and 6.9.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (misread word in the digital text; stray period in the digital text): Domiducam. et habent → Domiducam et habent; proli pudor → pro pudor.

Cite this passage

Tertullian, Nat. 2.11 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/tertullian-nationes/2/11/).

Plain text
Tertullian, Nat. 2.11 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/tertullian-nationes/2/11/).

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