# Exposition on Galatians - Author: [Pelagius](https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/authors/pelagius/) - Latin title: *Expositio in epistulam ad Galatas* - Date: ca. 405–410 (approximate) - Source: Alexander Souter, ed., Pelagius's Expositions of Thirteen Epistles of St Paul, vol. 2: Text and Apparatus Criticus, Texts and Studies 9.2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926) (Latin text: A. Souter (Texts and Studies 9.2, 1926); OCR of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam scan, read by Tesseract) - Translation: Claude, from the original text, unless a passage says otherwise; each passage below gives the translator - Editions and translations: Alexander Souter, Pelagius's Expositions of Thirteen Epistles of St Paul, 3 vols., Texts and Studies 9 (Cambridge, 1922–1931) - Work page: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/ - Passages: 134 ## Argumentum (prefatory note) - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-0 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:306 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Argument: the false apostles denied Paul's apostleship and claimed he favored circumcision; he answers them point by point. ### Latin text quos pseudo-apostoli hac astutia subuertebant, quo[d] dicerent omnes [Christi] apostolos [t]aliter praedicare, Paulum quoque ipsum alibi docere homines circumcidi. “ denique discipulos suos ” dicebant ‘quos uere diligit, circumcidit ” ; sed nec apostolum illum esse dicentes, uidelicet qui[a] neque ex XII [electis] esset, neque Christum cum Petro et ceteris fuisset aliquando secutus. quibus ueri similibus argumentis et callid[a]e derogationi, quibus paruuli decipiebantur, necesse habet [ex] auctoritate spiritus sancti ad singula per ordinem respondere, [ne] despectu eius et odio [capti] Galat[h]ae penitus interirent. ### English translation (Claude) … whom the false apostles were subverting by this cunning: they said that all the apostles preached otherwise, and that Paul himself taught people elsewhere to be circumcised. "In short," they said, "he circumcises those of his disciples whom he truly loves"; and they said he was not even an apostle, since he was not one of the Twelve and had never followed Christ with Peter and the others. To these plausible arguments and this cunning disparagement, by which the little ones were being deceived, he must answer point by point, in order, by the authority of the Holy Spirit, lest the Galatians, through contempt and hatred of him, perish utterly. ### Translation notes - The argument begins in mid-sentence in the staged text; its opening is not present. Souter brackets the d of quod, Christi, the t of taliter, electis, the a of quia and callidae, ex, ne ("lest," kept for the sense), capti, and the h of Galathae; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. pref. (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:306; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0). ## Galatians 1:1 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-1 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:306–307 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's apostleship came from Christ and the Father, not from men, unlike the unworthy ordained by popular favor. ### Latin text Paulus apostolus, non ab hominibus, neque per hominem . Hoc est, non humana praesumptione , ut illi dicunt, neque per apostolos alios, [ut] Aaron per Moysen, sed per ipsum dominum, ut Moyses et omnes apostoli uel prophetae : sed et plerique ab hominibus ordinantur, cum indigni fauore populi, patientiam dei contemnentes, diuino sacerdotio contra meritum ordinantur. Sed per Iesum Christum . Qui Petrum et ceteros in ministerium apostolatus allegit. Et deum patrem. Ostenditur una esse patris et filii operatio. Qui suscitauit eum a mortuis. Secundum [hoc] quod mori potuit, carnem scilicet. ### English translation (Claude) "Paul, an apostle, not from men, nor through man." That is, not by human presumption, as they say, nor through other apostles, as Aaron was through Moses, but through the Lord himself, like Moses and all the apostles or prophets. For many are indeed ordained by men, when unworthy people, through the favor of the people and despising God's patience, are ordained to the divine priesthood contrary to merit. "But through Jesus Christ." Who chose Peter and the others for the ministry of the apostleship. "And God the Father." It is shown that the working of the Father and of the Son is one. "Who raised him from the dead." According to that which could die, namely the flesh. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:1: quotation, high confidence - Exod 4:16: allusion, low confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets ut and hoc; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.1 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:306–307; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-1). ## Galatians 1:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The brothers join Paul's greeting. ### Latin text Et qui mecum sunt omnes fratres [ecclesiis Galatiae ]. Ne solus indigne ferre putaretur suam conculcari doctrinam. ### English translation (Claude) "And all the brothers who are with me." Lest he alone be thought to take it ill that his teaching was being trampled on. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:2: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "to the churches of Galatia" in the lemma; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-2). ## Galatians 1:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Grace saves through faith alone; peace means reconciliation by forgiveness. ### Latin text Gratia uobis . Qua sola estis fide saluati. Et pax a deo patre. Qua remissis delictis omnibus reconciliati fuerant deo. Et domino Iesu Christo , ### English translation (Claude) "Grace to you." By which alone you were saved through faith. "And peace from God the Father." By which, with all their offenses forgiven, they had been reconciled to God. "And the Lord Jesus Christ," ### Scripture references - Gal 1:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By which alone" renders qua sola. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-3). ## Galatians 1:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Christ gave himself for sins, freeing believers from evil works, not by their merits. ### Latin text qui dedit semet ipsum pro peccatis nostris. Ostendit beneficia Christi, quibus exsistebant ingrati, [et] in lege, quae peccatoribus data fuerat, uiuere cupientes, cum illis omnia essent peccata dimissa. Ut nos eriperet de praesenti saeculo malo. De malis saeculi operibus, quae committuntur in ipso. Secundum uoluntatem dei et patris nostri. Non secundum merita nostra. ### English translation (Claude) "who gave himself for our sins." He shows the benefits of Christ, to which they were ungrateful, wishing to live under the law, which had been given to sinners, when all their sins had been forgiven them. "To rescue us from the present evil age." From the evil works of the age, which are committed in it. "According to the will of God our Father." Not according to our merits. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:4: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-4). ## Galatians 1:5 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-5 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Infinite benefits deserve infinite glory. ### Latin text Cui est gloria in saecula [saecidorum.] [amen]. Infinitis beneficiis infinita gloria debetur. ### English translation (Claude) "To whom be glory forever." Infinite glory is owed for infinite benefits. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets saeculorum and amen; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.5 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-5). ## Galatians 1:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307–308 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Galatians are turning from the one true gospel to those who drag it back to the law. ### Latin text Miror quod sic tam cito transferimini ab eo qui uos uocauit in gratiam. Manifest[at]is beneficiis mirari se dicit quod ab illo potuerint uerbis hominum retrahi, a quo nec tormentis ullis debuerint separari. In aliut euangelium, [praeter] quod aliut non est , nisi si sunt aliqui qui uos conturbant, Qui conturbant sunt; nam euangelium uerum aliut esse non potest nisi Christi. Et uolunt conuertere euangelium Christi . Dum lex ad euangelium profecerit, illi peruerso ordine euangelium ad legem reuocare nituntur. ### English translation (Claude) "I marvel that you are so quickly being transferred from him who called you into grace." Having shown the benefits, he says he marvels that they could be drawn away by the words of men from him from whom they ought not to have been separated by any torments. "To another gospel, which is not another; except that there are some who trouble you," Those who trouble you exist; for the true gospel can be no other than Christ's. "And wish to pervert the gospel of Christ." Whereas the law advanced to the gospel, they, in perverse order, try to call the gospel back to the law. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:6: quotation, high confidence - Gal 1:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 1:6–7. Souter brackets -at- in manifestatis and praeter; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:307–308; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-6). ## Galatians 1:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: No apostle or angel may preach another gospel; this condemns heretics who change apostolic tradition. ### Latin text Sed licet nos aut angeli de caelo euangelizauerint [nobis] praeter quam [quod] euangelizauimus uobis, Breuiter omni uoluit praeiudicare personae, quando nec apostolos contra quod primum praedicauerant nec uocem [de caelo] loquentis angeli permisit audiri; tacita autem sententia haec contra omnes hereticos, qui traditiones apostolicas mutare conantur. Anathema sit . Hoc est, abominabilis uobis sit, ### English translation (Claude) "But even if we or angels from heaven preach a gospel other than what we preached to you," Briefly he wished to forestall every person, since he allowed neither apostles to be heard against what they had first preached nor the voice of an angel speaking; and this sentence silently stands against all heretics who try to change the apostolic traditions. "Let him be anathema." That is, let him be abominable to you. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets nobis, quod, and "from heaven"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-8). ## Galatians 1:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul repeats the curse for emphasis. ### Latin text Sicut praediximus et nunc [uobis] Uerum dico: si quis uobis adnuntiauerit praeter quam quod accepistis , anathema sit. Repetitione fortius commendatur. . ### English translation (Claude) "As we said before, I now say truly: if anyone preaches to you other than what you received, let him be anathema." It is commended more strongly by repetition. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:9: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets uobis; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-9). ## Galatians 1:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308–309 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul seeks to please God, not men, and is hated for it. ### Latin text Modo enim hominibus suadeo aut deo ? Numquid propter homines uos suadeo, sicut propter Iudaeorum traditiones ante faciebam? ostendere uult se odia hominum non timentem libere defendere ueritatem. Aut quaero hominibus placere? Ubicumque sine additamento aliquo homines nominantur, in [m]alam partem accipitur in scripturis, ut est illud: ‘omnis homo mendax,’ et: ‘quem me dicunt homines esse?’ et: ‘nonne homines estis et secundum hominem ambulatis?’ igitur quicumque talibus placere uolueri[n]t, necesse est ut eorum facia[n]t uoluntatem: sancti autem deo tantum et deum amantibus placent, qui plus quam homines esse meruerunt. Si adhuc hominibus placerem, Christi seruus non essem. Nam ideo me oderunt quia seruus sum Christi. ### English translation (Claude) "For do I now persuade men, or God?" Do I persuade you for the sake of men, as I did before for the sake of the Jews' traditions? He wishes to show that, not fearing human hatred, he defends the truth freely. "Or do I seek to please men?" Wherever "men" are named in the scriptures without any addition, it is taken in a bad sense, as in: "Every man is a liar," and: "Who do men say that I am?" and: "Are you not men, and walking according to man?" So whoever wishes to please such people must do their will; but the saints please God only, and those who love God, who have deserved to be more than men. "If I were still pleasing men, I would not be a servant of Christ." For they hate me because I am a servant of Christ. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:10: quotation, high confidence - Ps 116:11 (115:2 LXX): quotation, high confidence - Matt 16:13: quotation, high confidence - 1 Cor 3:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the m of malam (kept for the sense) and the n of uoluerint and faciant; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:308–309; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-10). ## Galatians 1:11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-11 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's gospel is not of human origin. ### Latin text Notum autem uobis facio, fratres, euangelium quod euangelizatum est a me, Uult purgare usurpationis et humanae traditionis infamiam. Quia non est secundum hominem ### English translation (Claude) "I make known to you, brothers, the gospel that was preached by me," He wishes to clear himself of the bad report of usurpation and of human tradition. "That it is not according to man;" ### Scripture references - Gal 1:11: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.11 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-11). ## Galatians 1:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul received by revelation that the gentiles are saved by faith alone. ### Latin text neque enim ego ab homine accepi illut neque edoctus sum, sed per reuelationem Christi Iesu. Neque a me confinxi neque ab [alio] homine accepi neque a quoquam didici quod gentes sola fide salu[ar]entur. ### English translation (Claude) "for I did not receive it from man, nor was I taught it, but through the revelation of Jesus Christ." I neither invented it myself nor received it from a man nor learned it from anyone: that the gentiles are saved by faith alone. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:12: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets alio and -ar- in saluarentur; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-12). ## Galatians 1:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Only revelation could have turned so zealous a persecutor. ### Latin text Audistis enim conuersationem meam aliquando in Iudaismo, quod supra modum persequebar ecclesiam dei et expugnabam illam. Nec uos credo latere quod dico. ostendere uult quam firmiter tenuerit Iudaismum et fideliter pro traditionibus patriis expugnarit ecclesiam, ut intellegamus eum non potuisse inde humano consilio nisi reuelatione separari diuina. ### English translation (Claude) "For you have heard of my former way of life in Judaism, that I persecuted the church of God beyond measure and tried to destroy it." I do not think what I say is hidden from you either. He wishes to show how firmly he held Judaism and how faithfully he attacked the church for the traditions of his fathers, so that we may understand that he could have been separated from it not by human counsel but only by divine revelation. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:13: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-13). ## Galatians 1:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309–310 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul was a zealot for the traditions. ### Latin text Et proficiebam in Iudaismo supra multos co[a]etaneos [meos] in genere meo. Non supra omnes, ne iactantia[e] putaretur. Abundantius aemulator exsistens paternarum mearum traditionum : ### English translation (Claude) "And I advanced in Judaism beyond many of my contemporaries in my race." Not beyond all, lest it be thought boasting. "Being more abundantly a zealot for my ancestral traditions:" ### Scripture references - Gal 1:14: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the a of coaetaneos, meos, and the e of iactantiae; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:309–310; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-14). ## Galatians 1:15 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-15 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: God, foreknowing, called Paul by grace, not merit. ### Latin text cum autem [com]placuit ei qui me segregauit ab utero matris meae. Qui me iam in praescientia ab utero segregauerat, quando uoluit, fecit quod sciebat [esse] futurum. Et uocauit per gratiam suam. Non meis meritis. ### English translation (Claude) "But when it pleased him who set me apart from my mother's womb." He who had already set me apart from the womb in foreknowledge did, when he willed, what he knew would happen. "And called me through his grace." Not by my merits. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:15: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets com- in complacuit and esse; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.15 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-15). ## Galatians 1:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul obeyed the heavenly vision at once, without human counsel. ### Latin text Ut reuelaret filium suum in me , [ut euange lizarem illum in gentibus .] Ut filium suum per me gentibus reuelaret. Continuo non adquieui carni et sanguini. Statim ‘caelesti incredulus non fui ui[s]ioni,’ quia non carnis et sanguinis uocem audiui, sed dei. ### English translation (Claude) "To reveal his Son in me." To reveal his Son to the gentiles through me. "Immediately I did not consult with flesh and blood." At once "I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision," because I heard the voice not of flesh and blood but of God. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:16: quotation, high confidence - Acts 26:19: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the lemma "that I might preach him among the gentiles" and the s of uisioni; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-16). ## Galatians 1:17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-17 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul went to Arabia to teach, not to Jerusalem to learn. ### Latin text Neque ueni Hierusolimam ad praecessores meos apostolos , sed abii in Arabiam, et iterum reuersus sum Damascum. [Quia non mihi necesse fuit] ut ab illis [aliquid] edocerer, sed de Damasco in Arabiam protinus iui, ut docerem quod mihi [a deo] [fu]erat reuelatum. ### English translation (Claude) "Nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went away into Arabia, and again returned to Damascus." It was not necessary for me to be taught by them, but from Damascus I went straight to Arabia, to teach what had been revealed to me. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:17: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "Because it was not necessary for me" (kept for the sense), aliquid, "by God," and fu- in fuerat; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.17 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-17). ## Galatians 1:18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-18 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310–311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul visited Peter briefly, to see him, not to learn from him. ### Latin text Deinde post tres annos. Ostendit se non indiguisse doceri, qui tribus iam annis aliis praedicarat. Ueni H[i]erusolimam . Quando se discipulis [ad]iungere [ad]temptabat. Uidere Petrum . Uidendi gratia, non discendi. Et mansi apud illum diebus XV. Et susceptum se ab illo in caritate demonstrat, et in breui tempore nihil discere potuisse. ### English translation (Claude) "Then after three years." He shows that he did not need to be taught, who had already preached to others for three years. "I came to Jerusalem." When he was trying to join the disciples. "To see Peter." For the sake of seeing, not of learning. "And I stayed with him fifteen days." He shows both that he was received by him in love and that in so short a time he could have learned nothing. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:18: quotation, high confidence - Acts 9:26: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the i of Hierusolimam and ad- twice; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.18 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:310–311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-18). ## Galatians 1:19 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-19 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: James is the Lord's "brother" by kinship, not a son of Mary. ### Latin text Alium autem apostolorum uidi neminem. Ne [uel] ab aliis didicisse uideretur. Nisi Iacobum fratrem domini . Contra eos qui dicunt beatam Mariam alios filios habuisse, quia duos Iacobos apostolos fuisse legimus, unum Alphaei et alterum Zebedaei, neminem Mariae uel Ioseph, sed fratres domini de propinquitate dicuntur. ### English translation (Claude) "But I saw none of the other apostles." Lest he seem to have learned from others. "Except James the brother of the Lord." Against those who say that blessed Mary had other sons: for we read that there were two apostles called James, one the son of Alphaeus and the other of Zebedee, neither of them a son of Mary or Joseph; but they are called brothers of the Lord by kinship. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:19: quotation, high confidence - Matt 10:2: allusion, medium confidence - Matt 10:3: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Pelagius holds that Mary had no other sons; translated as written. Souter brackets uel; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.19 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-19). ## Galatians 1:20 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-20 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 1:20. ### Latin text Quae autem scribo uobis, ecce coram deo quia non mentior. ### English translation (Claude) "And what I write to you, behold, before God, I do not lie." ### Scripture references - Gal 1:20: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.20 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-20). ## Galatians 1:21 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-21 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 1:21. ### Latin text deinde ueni in partibus Syriae et Ciliciae: ### English translation (Claude) "then I came into the regions of Syria and Cilicia;" ### Scripture references - Gal 1:21: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.21 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-21). ## Galatians 1:22 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-22 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Jewish and gentile churches were separate; Paul was unknown in Judea. ### Latin text eram autem ignotus facie ecclesiis Iudeae. Notandum quia post triennium ecclesiis Iudeae erat ignotus. Quae era[n]t in Christo [. Iesu ]. Seorsum qui ex Iudeis erant ecclesias habebant, nec his qui erant ex gentibus miscebantur. ### English translation (Claude) "and I was unknown by face to the churches of Judea." It is to be noted that after three years he was unknown to the churches of Judea. "Which were in Christ." Those from the Jews had their churches apart and were not mixed with those from the gentiles. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:22: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the n of erant and Iesu; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.22 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-22). ## Galatians 1:23 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-23 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 1:23. ### Latin text Sed hoc tantum audi[tum hab]ebant quod ‘[is] qui persequebatur nos aliquando, nunc adnuntiat fidem quam aliquando expugnabat’ ### English translation (Claude) "But they only heard that 'he who once persecuted us now preaches the faith he once tried to destroy,'" ### Scripture references - Gal 1:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -tum hab- in auditum habebant and is; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.23 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-23). ## Galatians 1:24 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-1-24 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's conversion made the churches glorify God. ### Latin text et in me magnificabant deum. De re difficili maxima nascitur admiratio, et laudabatur deus, qui hoc solus posset efficere. ### English translation (Claude) "and they glorified God in me." From a difficult thing the greatest wonder arises, and God was praised, who alone could bring this about. ### Scripture references - Gal 1:24: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 1.24 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:311; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/1-24). ## Galatians 2:1 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-1 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul went to Jerusalem when the law's burdens were debated. ### Latin text Deinde post annos XIIII ascendi iterum Hierusolimam cum Barnaba adsumpto et Tito . Quando de oneribus legis quaestio mouebatur. ### English translation (Claude) "Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also." When the question about the burdens of the law was being raised. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:1: quotation, high confidence - Acts 15:2: allusion, medium confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.1 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-1). ## Galatians 2:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul compared, not learned, his gospel of salvation by faith alone with the apostles. ### Latin text Ascendi autem secundum reuelationem. Non uoluntate mea, sed imperii diuini necessitate. Et contuli cum illis euangelium quod praedico inter gentes. Non didici, sed contuli euangelium, per quod gentes sola fide saluentur. Seorsum autem his qui existima[ba]ntur [esse maiores], Ne illum discipuli de euangelio dubitare putarent. Ne forte in vacuum currerem aut cucurrissem. Hoc non est dubitantis, sed potius confirmantis. ### English translation (Claude) "And I went up according to a revelation." Not by my own will, but by the necessity of a divine command. "And I set before them the gospel which I preach among the gentiles." I did not learn the gospel but compared it, the gospel through which the gentiles are saved by faith alone. "But privately to those who seemed," Lest the disciples think that he doubted about the gospel. "Lest perhaps I should be running or had run in vain." This is not the word of one who doubts, but rather of one who confirms. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:2: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets -ba- in existimabantur and "to be greater"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-2). ## Galatians 2:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 2:3. ### Latin text Sed neque Titus , qui mecum erat. In uacuum cucurrit. Cum esset Graecus , conpulsus est circumcidi, ### English translation (Claude) "But not even Titus, who was with me," ran in vain. "though he was a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised," ### Scripture references - Gal 2:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The comment in the next section takes Titus to have been circumcised. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-3). ## Galatians 2:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Pelagius holds that Paul circumcised Titus for an hour to avoid scandal. ### Latin text sed propter falso[s] fratres subintroductos. Reddit causas quare circumciderit Titum, non quia illi circumcisio prodesse[t], sed ut scandalum imminens uitaretur. Qui subintrauerunt explorare libertatem nostram quam habemus in Christo Iesu ut nos in seruitutem redigerent. Qu[i]a absoluti sumus[, hoc est,] a iugo legis. [Quibus nec] ad [h]oram cessimus subiectioni, ut ueritas euangdii permaneat apud uos . Ut periculum uitaremus, et essent qui in uobis ueritatem euangelii confirmarent. ### English translation (Claude) "but because of false brothers brought in secretly." He gives the reasons why he circumcised Titus: not because circumcision profited him, but so that an imminent scandal might be avoided. "Who slipped in to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, so as to bring us into slavery." Because we have been freed from the yoke of the law. "We yielded in subjection for an hour, so that the truth of the gospel might remain with you." To avoid danger, and so that there might be those who would confirm the truth of the gospel among you. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:4: quotation, high confidence - Gal 2:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 2:4–5. Souter brackets "to whom ... not" (Quibus nec), so the text reads "we yielded in subjection for an hour"; Pelagius's comment assumes this reading. He also brackets the s of falsos, the t of prodesset, the i of quia, "that is," and the h of horam; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-4). ## Galatians 2:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312–313 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul learned nothing from the leading apostles; God does not favor persons. ### Latin text Ab his autem qui uidebantur esse aliquit. Nihil [scientiae] accepi. Quales aliquando fuerint , nihil mea interest. deus hominis faciem non accipit . mihi autem qui [aliquid] existimabantur nihil contulerunt. Non mihi cura[e] est [quia] cum domino ambula[ue]runt, quia nec tempus praeiudicat fidei nec persona labori. ### English translation (Claude) "But from those who seemed to be something." I received nothing. "Whatever they once were makes no difference to me; God does not accept the face of man. Those who were esteemed contributed nothing to me." It is no concern of mine that they walked with the Lord, because neither time prejudges faith nor person labor. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets scientiae ("of knowledge"), aliquid, the e of curae, quia, and -ue- in ambulauerunt; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:312–313; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-6). ## Galatians 2:7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-7 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul was entrusted with the gentiles as Peter with the Jews. ### Latin text Sed [e] contra scientes quoniam creditum est mihi euangelium praeputii , sicut Petro circumcisionis. Ut praedicem gentibus, sicut illi Iudaeis. ### English translation (Claude) "But on the contrary, knowing that the gospel of the uncircumcision had been entrusted to me, as that of the circumcision to Peter." That I should preach to the gentiles, as they to the Jews. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets e; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.7 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-7). ## Galatians 2:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: One God gave Peter and Paul one ministry. ### Latin text Qui enim operatus [est] Petro in apostolatum circumcisionis, operatus est et mihi ad gentes . In nullo sum [illo] inferior, quia ab uno deo sumus in unum ministerium ordinati. ### English translation (Claude) "For he who worked in Peter for the apostleship of the circumcision worked also in me for the gentiles." I am in nothing inferior, because we were ordained by one God to one ministry. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets est and illo; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-8). ## Galatians 2:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The pillar apostles approved Paul's mission to the gentiles. ### Latin text Et cognita gratia quae data est mihi , Petrus et Iacobus et Iohannes , qui uidebantur esse columnae. Super quos erat ecclesia confirmata. Dextras dederunt . Consenserunt ita nos docere debere. Mihi et Barnabae societatis. Ambo enim simul missi erant ut gentibus praedicarent. Ut nos ad gentes , ipsi autem in circumcisione[m] , ### English translation (Claude) "And when they recognized the grace that had been given to me, Peter and James and John, who seemed to be pillars," On whom the church had been established. "Gave the right hands." They agreed that we ought to teach so. "Of fellowship to me and Barnabas." For both had been sent together to preach to the gentiles. "That we should go to the gentiles, and they to the circumcision," ### Scripture references - Gal 2:9: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-9). ## Galatians 2:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313–314 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The poor are the Jerusalem saints who gave up all, or were robbed of it. ### Latin text tantum ut pauperum memores essemus. Qui omnia sua distrahentes ad apostolorum pedes pretia deponebant. Uel: Quorum bona fuerant a Iudaeis inuasa, sicut legimus ad Hebraeos. Quod et[iam] sollicitus fui hoc ipsum facere. Hoc est quod in omni paene scribit epistula. ### English translation (Claude) "only that we should remember the poor." Those who, selling all their goods, laid the price at the apostles' feet. Or: those whose goods had been seized by the Jews, as we read in Hebrews. "Which I was also eager to do." This is what he writes in almost every letter. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:10: quotation, high confidence - Acts 4:35: allusion, high confidence - Heb 10:34: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -iam in etiam; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:313–314; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-10). ## Galatians 2:11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-11 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul rebuked Peter to show he never favored circumcision. ### Latin text Cum autem uenisset Petrus Antiochiam , in faciem illi restiti, qu[on]ia[m] reprehensibilis erat. Galatarum infirmitas conpellit eum narrare quod nec ipsi apostolorum principi Petro peperc[er]it, ueritatem euangelii non libere defendenti, sicut ad profectum Corinthiorum manifestat quam annis quattuordecim celauerat uisionem. hoc autem totum agit ut ostendat se numquam circumcisionis fuisse fautorem, quod de illo falsi apostoli confingebant; unde et alibi dicit: ‘ego autem, fratres, si circumcisionem praedico, quid adhuc persecutionem patior?’ ### English translation (Claude) "But when Peter came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he was blameworthy." The weakness of the Galatians compels him to tell that he did not spare even Peter, the chief of the apostles, when he did not freely defend the truth of the gospel; just as, for the progress of the Corinthians, he disclosed the vision he had concealed for fourteen years. He does all this to show that he was never a supporter of circumcision, as the false apostles invented about him; hence he says elsewhere: "But I, brothers, if I preach circumcision, why am I still persecuted?" ### Scripture references - Gal 2:11: quotation, high confidence - Gal 5:11: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -er- in pepercerit; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.11 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-11). ## Galatians 2:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Peter was at fault for withdrawing from gentiles out of fear. ### Latin text Prius enim quam uenirent quidam a[b] Iacobo , cum gentibus edebat. Cum his qui erant ex gentibus manducabat, sciens sibi ostensum ut nullius generis hominem uocaret inmundum. Cum autem uenisse[n]t, subtrahebat et segregabat se , timens eos qui ex circumcisione erant. [Non] ideo reprehensibilis erat, [quia cum illis edebat, sed] quia se postea propter homines subtrahebat. ### English translation (Claude) "For before certain men came from James, he ate with the gentiles." He ate with those who were from the gentiles, knowing that it had been shown him to call no man of any race unclean. "But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those of the circumcision." He was blameworthy because he afterwards withdrew for the sake of men. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:12: quotation, high confidence - Acts 10:28: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the b of ab, the n of uenissent, and "not ... because he ate with them, but"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-12). ## Galatians 2:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314–315 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Even Barnabas was drawn into Peter's pretense. ### Latin text Et abducti sunt in hypocrisin simul cum illo et ceteri Iudaei, ita ut et Barnabas duceretur [ab eis] in hac simulatione [eorum]. Qui mecum ad gentes missus nihil inter eos docuerat esse discriminis. ### English translation (Claude) "And the rest of the Jews joined him in hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led away in the pretense." He who, sent with me to the gentiles, had taught that there was no distinction among them. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:13: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "by them" and eorum; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:314–315; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-13). ## Galatians 2:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's public rebuke of Peter: the Jews too were saved by faith alone, not by works of the law. ### Latin text Sed cum uidissem quod non recta uia incederent ad ueritatem euangelii. Quamuis hoc propter scandalum faceret Iudeorum, tamen publice illum conueni, ut et Iudaeis superbia et genti[li]bus desperatio tolleretur. Dixi Petro coram omnibus. Publicum scandalum non poterat priuatim curari. Si tu, cum sis Iudaeus , gentiliter uiuis. Si tu non tenes quod natus es, quo modo illos facis tenere quod nati non sunt? rationem reddit, non iniuriam facit. Et non Iudaice. Non ex operibus legis, sed sola fide, sicut et gentes, uitam in Christo inuenisse te nosti. Quo modo gentes cogis Iudaizare? Dum te subtrahis, tamquam a peccatoribus. ### English translation (Claude) "But when I saw that they were not walking straight toward the truth of the gospel." Although he did this because of the scandal of the Jews, yet I confronted him publicly, so that pride might be taken from the Jews and despair from the gentiles. "I said to Peter before all." A public scandal could not be cured privately. "If you, being a Jew, live like a gentile." If you do not keep what you were born to, how do you make them keep what they were not born to? He gives a reason; he does no injury. "And not like a Jew." You know that you found life in Christ not by works of the law but by faith alone, as the gentiles did. "How do you compel the gentiles to Judaize?" When you withdraw as if from sinners. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:14: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets -li- in gentilibus; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-14). ## Galatians 2:15 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-15 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Jews too were sinners. ### Latin text Nos natura Iudaei, et non ex gentibus peccatores . Peccatores tamen eramus, quia ‘conclusit scriptura omnia sub peccato.’ ### English translation (Claude) "We, Jews by nature, and not sinners from the gentiles." Yet we were sinners, because "Scripture has shut up all under sin." ### Scripture references - Gal 2:15: quotation, high confidence - Gal 3:22: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.15 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-15). ## Galatians 2:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315–316 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The ceremonial works of the law, given to curb hardness, do not justify. ### Latin text Scientes autem quoniam non iustificatur homo ex operibus legis . Opera legis circumcisio et sabbatum [et] dies festi et cetera, quae non propter iustitiam, sed ad edomandam populi duritiam sunt mandata. [Siue: Non iustificatur hoc tempore.] Nisi per fidem Christi Iesu, et nos in Christum Iesum credi[di]mus , ut iustificemur ex fide, et non [ ex ] operibus legis, quoniam ex operibus legis non iustificabitur omnis caro [ hoc tempore], ### English translation (Claude) "But knowing that a man is not justified by works of the law." The works of the law are circumcision, the sabbath, the feast days, and the rest, which were commanded not for righteousness but to tame the hardness of the people. "Except through faith in Christ Jesus; we too have believed in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by faith and not by works of the law; because by works of the law no flesh will be justified," ### Scripture references - Gal 2:16: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et, "Or: is not justified at this time," -di- in credidimus, ex, and "at this time" at the end; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:315–316; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-16). ## Galatians 2:17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-17 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: If faith alone did not save, Christ could not forgive, which is absurd. ### Latin text quod si quaerentes iustificari in Christo, inuenti sumus [et] ipsi peccatores , ergo Christus peccati minister est? absit! Si enim gentes fides sola non saluat, nec nos, qui[a] ex operibus nemo iustificatur. ergo adhuc peccatores sumus, et Christus peccatorum minister est, tamquam non ualens indulgere. ### English translation (Claude) "But if, seeking to be justified in Christ, we ourselves also were found sinners, is Christ then a minister of sin? Far from it!" If faith alone does not save the gentiles, neither does it save us, because no one is justified by works. Then we are still sinners, and Christ is a minister of sinners, as though he could not forgive. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:17: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Faith alone" renders fides sola. Souter brackets et and the a of quia; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.17 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-17). ## Galatians 2:18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-18 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Rebuilding Jewish privilege would contradict Paul's own teaching. ### Latin text Si enim quae destruxi , haec iterum aedifico , praeuaricatorem me constituo. Destruxi [nil] amplius habere Iudaeum. si hoc, ut illi dicunt, rursus aedifico, ipse meae sententiae praeuaricator inuenior. ### English translation (Claude) "For if I build again what I destroyed, I make myself a transgressor." I destroyed the claim that the Jew has anything more. If I build this again, as they say, I am found a transgressor of my own judgment. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets nil; left out, the sense kept. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.18 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-18). ## Galatians 2:19 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-19 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316–317 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Dead to sin with Christ, Paul lives by faith alone and owes nothing to the law. ### Latin text Ego enim per legem legi mortuus sum . Per legem Christi legi litterae. Siue: Per ipsam ueterem ipsi sum mortuus, quia ipsa se cessaturam esse pr[a]edixi[t]. Ut deo uiuam. Qui legem suam innouauit. [Cum] Christo cruci fixus sum. Omnibus peccatis quibus lex est data, sum mortuus : ergo lex mihi minime est necessaria. Uiuo autem , iam non ego. Uetus homo. Uiuit uero in me Christus. [In illo uiuit Christus,] in quo Christi uiget actus et uita. Quod autem [nunc] uiuo in carne[m ], in fide uiuo dei et Christi. In sola fide, quia nihil debeo legi. Qui me dilexit, et tradidit se [ipsum] pro me. Non pecuniam, non aliquod aliut pretium, sed se. ### English translation (Claude) "For through the law I died to the law." Through the law of Christ, to the law of the letter. Or: through the old law itself I died to it, because it foretold that it would cease. "So that I may live to God." Who renewed his law. "I have been crucified with Christ." I have died to all the sins for which the law was given: so the law is not necessary for me at all. "And I live, now not I." The old man. "But Christ lives in me." In whom Christ's conduct and life flourish. "And the life I now live in the flesh, I live in the faith of God and of Christ." In faith alone, because I owe nothing to the law. "Who loved me and gave himself for me." Not money, not some other price, but himself. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:19: quotation, high confidence - Gal 2:20: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 2:19–20. Souter brackets Cum, "Christ lives in him," nunc, the m of carnem, and ipsum; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.19 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:316–317; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-19). ## Galatians 2:21 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-2-21 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:317 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Seeking righteousness by the law makes Christ's death pointless; the Galatians have been bewitched. ### Latin text Non abicio gratiam dei. Non debeo esse illi ingratus, qui me tantum dilexit, ut pro me etiam moreretur : abiecta est enim gratia, si mihi sola non sufficit. Si enim per legem iustitia , ergo Christus mortuus est gratis. Si lex poterat iustificare, superflue Christus est mortuus. O insensati Galatae. Non est contrarium saluatoris uerbo, quo fratrem fatuum uocari prohibuit: non enim [hic] dicitur sine causa. Quis uos fascinauit? Per uulgi uerbum inuidiam significauit, sicut ait Salomon : ‘fascinatio nugacitatis obscurat bona.’ Ante quorum oculos Christus Iesus [proscriptus est], Quibus per meam praedicationem [ita] manifestata est passio eius, ut ipsum ante uos pendere putaretis: proscriptus [autem hoc] est, sententiam damnationis accepit. In uobis crucifixus. Quasi apud uos omnia facta sint. Siue sic: Quern uere pro damnato et mortuo etiam nunc uilem habetis, dum putatis eum uobis non sufficere ad salutem. ### English translation (Claude) "I do not reject the grace of God." I ought not to be ungrateful to him who loved me so much as even to die for me: for grace is rejected if it alone does not suffice me. "For if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothing." If the law could justify, Christ died needlessly. "O foolish Galatians." This is not contrary to the Savior's word by which he forbade calling a brother a fool: for here it is not said without cause. "Who has bewitched you?" By a popular word he meant envy, as Solomon says: "The bewitching of trifling obscures good things." "Before whose eyes Christ Jesus [was proscribed]," To whom his passion was so manifested by my preaching that you thought he was hanging before you; "proscribed" means that he received the sentence of condemnation. "Crucified among you." As though everything had been done among you. Or thus: whom you truly regard even now as worthless, as one condemned and dead, since you think that he does not suffice you for salvation. ### Scripture references - Gal 2:21: quotation, high confidence - Gal 3:1: quotation, high confidence - Matt 5:22: allusion, high confidence ### Extrabiblical texts - Wis 4:12 (Wisdom of Solomon): quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 2:21–3:1. The "Solomon" saying is Wis 4:12. Souter brackets hic, "was proscribed" in the lemma (kept in brackets because the comment explains it), ita, and "this"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 2.21 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:317; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/2-21). ## Galatians 3:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:317–318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Spirit came by faith, so the law can add nothing. ### Latin text Hoc solum uolo a uobis discere. Hoc unum uos interrogo. Ex operibus legis spiritum accepistis an ex auditu fidei ? Si ex merito fidei spiritum accepistis, quid uobis lex amplius poterit dare? ### English translation (Claude) "This only I want to learn from you." This one thing I ask you. "Did you receive the Spirit by works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?" If you received the Spirit by the merit of faith, what more will the law be able to give you? ### Scripture references - Gal 3:2: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:317–318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-2). ## Galatians 3:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Beginning in the Spirit, the Galatians should not seek perfection in the law. ### Latin text Sic stulti estis [ut] , cum spiritu coeperitis , nunc carne consum[m]emini? Cum nec Iudaei aliter spiritum accipiant quam per fidem [Christi], uos e contrario putatis uobis spiritum non sufficere sine lege? ### English translation (Claude) "Are you so foolish that, having begun with the Spirit, you are now being perfected by the flesh?" Since not even the Jews receive the Spirit otherwise than through faith, do you, on the contrary, think that the Spirit does not suffice you without the law? ### Scripture references - Gal 3:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets ut, the second m of consummemini, and Christi; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-3). ## Galatians 3:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Galatians' sufferings for Christ will be wasted if they do not return. ### Latin text Tanta passi estis sine causa , si tamen sine causa? Tanta sine causa pro Christo tolerastis, si tamen non iterum corrigatis? Siue: Quod hic ‘si tamen" non dubitantis sermo sit, sed potius confirmantis, secundum illud: ‘si tamen iustum est apud deum retribuere his qui uos tribulant [, tribulationem].’ ### English translation (Claude) "Did you suffer so many things in vain, if indeed in vain?" Did you endure so much for Christ in vain, if you do not correct yourselves again? Or: "if indeed" here is not the word of one doubting but rather of one confirming, according to the saying: "if indeed it is just with God to repay those who afflict you." ### Scripture references - Gal 3:4: quotation, high confidence - 2 Thess 1:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "with affliction" at the end of the quotation; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-4). ## Galatians 3:5 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-5 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Receiving the Spirit by faith shows the Galatians are righteous without the law. ### Latin text Qui ergo tribuit uobis spiritum et operatur uirtutes in uobis , ex operibus legis an ex auditu fidei? Si spiritum sanctum sola fide accepistis, qui non nisi a iustis accipitur, iustos sine legis oneribus [uel operibus] esse uos constat. ### English translation (Claude) "So he who supplies the Spirit to you and works powers among you, does he do it by works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?" If you received the Holy Spirit by faith alone, who is received only by the righteous, it is clear that you are righteous without the burdens of the law. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets "or works"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.5 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-5). ## Galatians 3:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Faith suffices for righteousness, as for Abraham. ### Latin text Sicut Abraham credidit deo et reputatum est illi ad iustitiam. Ita et uobis ad iustitiam [sola] sufficit fides. ### English translation (Claude) "As Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness." So for you too faith suffices for righteousness. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:6: quotation, high confidence - Gen 15:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets sola ("alone"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-6). ## Galatians 3:7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-7 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Believers are Abraham's sons. ### Latin text Intellegite ergo qu[on]ia[m] qui ex fide sunt, hi[i] filii sunt Habrahae . Siue Iudaei, siue Greci non carnaliter circumcisi. ### English translation (Claude) "Know therefore that those who are of faith are the sons of Abraham." Whether Jews or Greeks, not circumcised in the flesh. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets letters of quoniam and an i in hii; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.7 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-7). ## Galatians 3:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: God promised Abraham that all nations would be blessed by faith. ### Latin text Prouidens autem scriptura quia ex fide iustificat gentes deus, praenuntiauit Abrahae [ dicens ] quia Benedicentur in te omnes gentes. Non una gens Iudaica. ### English translation (Claude) "And Scripture, foreseeing that God justifies the gentiles by faith, announced beforehand to Abraham that in you all nations will be blessed." Not the one Jewish nation. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:8: quotation, high confidence - Gen 12:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets dicens; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-8). ## Galatians 3:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318–319 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The uncircumcised nations are blessed by faith. ### Latin text Igitur qui ex fide sunt , benedicentur cum fideli Abraham. Non enim [omnes] circumcisae sunt gentes ut possint ex operibus benedici. ### English translation (Claude) "So those who are of faith will be blessed with faithful Abraham." For the nations are not circumcised, so as to be able to be blessed by works. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:9: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets omnes; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:318–319; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-9). ## Galatians 3:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:319 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Faith alone justifies at conversion, but faith without the works of faith is dead. ### Latin text Quicumque enim ex operibus legis sunt, sub maledicto sunt. Quia ita praeualuit consuetudo peccandi, ut nemo iam perficiat legem. Nam scriptum est [ quoniam ]: Maledictus omnis qui non perseuerauerit in omnibus quae scripta sunt in libro legis , ut faci[a]t ea. Hoc est, qui non omnia usque ad finem [legis] mandata seruauerit. quaeritur sane hoc loco si fides sola sufficiat Christiano, et utrum non sit maledictus qui euangelica praecepta contemnit: sed fides ad hoc proficit, ut in primitiis credulitatis accedentem ad deum iustificet, si deinceps in iustificatione permaneat. ceterum sine operibus fidei — non legis — mortua est fides: ‘qui’ enim ‘credit deo, adtendit mandatis,’ et eos qui euangelii praecepta contemnunt, maledictos esse [et] saluator edocuit dicens: ‘discedite a me, maledicti, in ignem aeternum,’ et Iacobus apostolus, qui unius mandati transgressorem omnium re[r]um esse monstrauit. Quoniam autem in lege nemo iustificatur apud deum manifestum est. Quia nemo illam seruat, ideo praedictum est quod sola fide iustificandi essent credentes. Quia iustus ex fide uiuit . Perfecta fides est non solum Christum, sed et Christo credere. ### English translation (Claude) "For all who are of the works of the law are under a curse." Because the habit of sinning has so prevailed that no one now fulfils the law. "For it is written: Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all things written in the book of the law, to do them." That is, who has not kept all the commandments to the end. The question is indeed asked in this place whether faith alone suffices for a Christian, and whether he is not cursed who despises the precepts of the gospel. But faith avails for this: at the beginning of belief it justifies the one who comes to God, if he thereafter remains in justification; otherwise, without works of faith (not of the law) faith is dead: for "he who believes God attends to the commandments," and the Savior taught that those who despise the precepts of the gospel are cursed, saying: "Depart from me, you cursed, into eternal fire"; and the apostle James showed that the transgressor of one commandment is guilty of all. "But that no one is justified by the law before God is manifest." Because no one keeps it, it was foretold that believers would be justified by faith alone. "Because the righteous lives by faith." Perfect faith is not only to believe in Christ but also to believe Christ. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:10: quotation, high confidence - Gal 3:11: quotation, high confidence - Deut 27:26: quotation, high confidence - Matt 25:41: quotation, high confidence - Jas 2:10: allusion, high confidence - Jas 2:26: allusion, high confidence - Hab 2:4: quotation, high confidence ### Extrabiblical texts - Sir 32:24 (Sirach): quotation, medium confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 3:10–11. Pelagius limits justification by faith alone to the beginning of belief and requires the works of faith afterwards; translated as written. The saying "he who believes God attends to the commandments" is Sir 32:24 (Greek numbering). Souter brackets quoniam, the a of faciat, legis, and et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:319; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-10). ## Galatians 3:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:319–320 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law offered life to those who kept it by their own labor. ### Latin text Lex autem non est ex fide. Non iustificat sola[m] fide[m]. Sed qui fecerit ea [homo], uiuet in eis . Suo labore conquirebant iustitiam, ut uiuerent in aeternum. ### English translation (Claude) "But the law is not of faith." It does not justify by faith alone. "But he who does them shall live in them." They sought righteousness by their own labor, so as to live forever. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:12: quotation, high confidence - Lev 18:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the m of solam and fidem, and homo; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:319–320; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-12). ## Galatians 3:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:320 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The sinless Christ bore the law's curse of the tree in place of all who broke the law. ### Latin text Christus nos redemit de maledicto legis, factus pro nobis maledictum. Qui sub maledicto non erat, quia per omnia legem impleuit, et ideo indebito maledicto eius nostrum debitum conpensatum est, ut libere transeuntes [ad] fidem legis opera non curemus. Quia scriptum est: Maledictus homo qui pendet in ligno. Sic est scriptum: ‘si cui fuerit iudicium mortis, suspendetis [eum] in ligno, [et] non manebit corpus eius in ligno, quia maledictus omnis qui pendet in ligno.’ non ideo maledictus quia pendet, sed ideo pendet quia maledictus. Christus ergo, cui non erat iudicium mortis nec causa subeundae crucis et maledicti reatus, pro nobis maledictum suscepit, quia omnes maledicti eramus et debiti ligno quasi maledicti, qui non permansimus in omnibus quae scripta erant in lege: utrumque enim eadem lex decreuerat maledictum. ### English translation (Claude) "Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us." He who was not under the curse, because he fulfilled the law in all things; and so by his undeserved curse our debt was paid, so that, passing freely to faith, we need not care for the works of the law. "For it is written: Cursed is the man who hangs on a tree." It is written thus: "If anyone has a judgment of death, you shall hang him on a tree, and his body shall not remain on the tree, because cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree." Not cursed because he hangs, but he hangs because he is cursed. So Christ, for whom there was no judgment of death, no cause for undergoing the cross, and no guilt of the curse, took the curse upon himself for us, because we were all cursed and owed to the tree as cursed, we who did not continue in all that was written in the law: for the same law had decreed both curses. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:13: quotation, high confidence - Deut 21:22: quotation, high confidence - Deut 21:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The quotation is Deut 21:22–23 in a Latin form. Souter brackets ad, eum, and et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:320; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-13). ## Galatians 3:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:320–321 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The gentiles receive Abraham's blessing and the promised Spirit by faith. ### Latin text Ut in nationibus benedictio Abrahae fieret [in] Christo [Iesu]. [Ut sola fide gentes benedicerentur in Christo,] sicut promissum fuerat Abrahae. Ut pollicitationem spiritus accipiamus per fidem . Quae per Iohel prophetam omni carni promissa est, id est, uniuerso generi hominum. ### English translation (Claude) "So that the blessing of Abraham might come to the nations in Christ," as had been promised to Abraham. "So that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith." Which was promised through the prophet Joel to all flesh, that is, to the whole human race. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:14: quotation, high confidence - Joel 2:28: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets in, Iesu, and "that the gentiles might be blessed in Christ by faith alone"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:320–321; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-14). ## Galatians 3:15 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-15 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 3:15. ### Latin text Fratres , secundum hominem dico: tamen hominis confirmatum testamentum nemo irritum facit neque super ordinat. ### English translation (Claude) "Brothers, I speak in human terms: yet no one annuls or adds to a man's ratified testament." ### Scripture references - Gal 3:15: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The comment follows in the next section. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.15 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-15). ## Galatians 3:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: A human comparison illustrates God's promise to Abraham's one seed, Christ. ### Latin text Abrahae dictae sunt promissiones et semini eius. non dicit ‘et seminibus ,’ tamquam [in] multis [, sed sicut in uno , et semini tuo , quod est Christus]. Humano utor exemplo: comparari enim humana diuinis propter euidentiorem intellectum possunt aequari [uero] non possunt. ### English translation (Claude) "The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. He does not say 'and to seeds,' as of many, [but as of one, 'and to your seed,' which is Christ]." I use a human example: for human things can be compared to divine for the sake of clearer understanding, but they cannot be made equal. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:16: quotation, high confidence - Gen 22:18: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets in and the end of the lemma (kept in brackets, since it is the point of the verse), and uero; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-16). ## Galatians 3:17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-17 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The later law cannot annul God's covenant with Abraham. ### Latin text Hoc autem dico testamentum confirmatum a domino. [In Christo.] Quae post quadringentos et triginta annos facta est lex , non infirmata ad euacuandam [re]promissionem. Quae post tantum temporis data est lex, testamentum illud non potest euacuare, quod Abrahae deus confirmauit in Christo. ### English translation (Claude) "This I say: a testament ratified by the Lord, the law, which came four hundred and thirty years later, does not annul, so as to make the promise void." The law, given after so long a time, cannot make void that testament which God ratified to Abraham in Christ. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:17: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "in Christ" in the lemma and re- in repromissionem; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.17 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-17). ## Galatians 3:18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-18 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Abraham's inheritance came by promise, before the law. ### Latin text Si enim ex lege hereditas [data est], iam non ex repromissione: Abrahae autem per repromissionem donauit deus. Non per legem, quae nondum erat. ### English translation (Claude) "For if the inheritance is from the law, it is no longer from promise; but God granted it to Abraham through promise." Not through the law, which did not yet exist. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "was given"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.18 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-18). ## Galatians 3:19 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-19 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321–322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law restrained transgression until Christ came; it was given through angels and a mediator. ### Latin text Quid igitur lex? Quare ergo data est [lex]? Propter transgressionem posita est , donec ueniat semen cui repromissum est. Propterea data est, ut [nos] non transgredi uel cogeret uel doceret, usque dum Christus ueniret. Disposita per angelos. Quia legimus angelos per legem [saepe] populo adfuisse. In manu mediatoris. Siue Moysi, ut quidam putant, siue Christi: “nam et Moyse[s],” aiunt, “inter deum et populum medius fuit.” ### English translation (Claude) "Why then the law?" Why then was it given? "It was put in place because of transgression, until the seed should come to whom the promise was made." It was given for this reason: to compel or teach people not to transgress, until Christ should come. "Ordained through angels." Because we read that angels were present to the people through the law. "By the hand of a mediator." Either Moses, as some think, or Christ: "for Moses too," they say, "was a mediator between God and the people." ### Scripture references - Gal 3:19: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets lex, nos, saepe, and the s of Moyses; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.19 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:321–322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-19). ## Galatians 3:20 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-20 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Christ is mediator yet not divided from the one divine nature. ### Latin text Mediator autem unius non est. Unius partis, qui[a] inter deum et hominem medius fuit. Deus autem unus est. Hoc ideo addi[di]t ne quis putaret Christum ab unitate diuinae naturae [penitus esse] diuisum, quia mediatoris suscepisset officium. ### English translation (Claude) "But a mediator is not of one." Not of one party, because he was mediator between God and man. "But God is one." He added this lest anyone think that Christ had been divided from the unity of the divine nature because he had taken on the office of mediator. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:20: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the a of quia, -di- in addidit, and "utterly"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.20 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-20). ## Galatians 3:21 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-21 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law could not give life because no one kept it. ### Latin text Lex ergo aduersus promissa dei [est]? absit! si enim data esset lex quae posset uiuificare , uere ex lege esset iustitia . Sicut et ad Romanos ait: ‘quod inpossibile erat legi, in quo infirmabatur,’ scilicet quia a nemine seruabatur. ### English translation (Claude) "Is the law then against the promises of God? Far from it! For if a law had been given that could give life, righteousness would truly be from the law." As he says to the Romans: "What was impossible for the law, in that it was weak," namely because no one kept it. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:21: quotation, high confidence - Rom 8:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets est; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.21 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-21). ## Galatians 3:22 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-22 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Scripture's verdict of universal sin leaves salvation by faith alone. ### Latin text Sed conclusit scriptura omnia sub peccato. Hoc est, deprehendit. Ut [uere] promissio ex fide Iesu Christi daretur credentibus. Ut necesse esset sola fide saluari credentes. ### English translation (Claude) "But Scripture has shut up all things under sin." That is, it has caught them out. "So that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe." So that it would be necessary for believers to be saved by faith alone. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:22: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "By faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets uere; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.22 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-22). ## Galatians 3:23 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-23 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law guarded Israel until the faith in Christ was revealed. ### Latin text Prius quam autem ueniret fides. Prius quam ueniret cui crederemus. Sub lege custodiebamur conclusi in eam fidem quae [postea] futura erat ut reuelaretur. Seruabamur a lege huic fidei quae erat suo tempore reuelanda. ### English translation (Claude) "But before faith came." Before he came in whom we should believe. "We were kept under the law, shut up for that faith which was to be revealed." We were kept by the law for this faith, which was to be revealed in its own time. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets postea; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.23 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-23). ## Galatians 3:24 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-24 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law was a strict tutor until Christ the true teacher. ### Latin text Itaque lex pedagogus noster fuit in Christo , ut ex fide iustific[ar]emur. Ad disciplinam nos artius retenta[n]s, perfectam doctrinam uero magistro seruabat. ### English translation (Claude) "So the law was our tutor in Christ, so that we might be justified by faith." Holding us more strictly to discipline, it kept the perfect teaching for the true master. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:24: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -ar- in iustificaremur and the n of retentans; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.24 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-24). ## Galatians 3:25 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-25 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322–323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Mature believers no longer need the law's tutelage. ### Latin text At ubi uenit fides , iam non sub pedagogo sumus . Perfect[a]e aetatis discipuli non indigent pedagogo. ### English translation (Claude) "But when faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor." Disciples of mature age do not need a tutor. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:25: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.25 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:322–323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-25). ## Galatians 3:26 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-26 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Jews and gentiles alike belong to God through faith alone. ### Latin text Omnes enim fideles dei estis per fidem in Christo Iesu . Aequaliter et Iudaei et gentes per solam fidem qua credidistis Christo. ### English translation (Claude) "For you are all faithful ones of God through faith in Christ Jesus." Jews and gentiles equally, through faith alone, by which you believed Christ. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:26: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The lemma reads "faithful ones" (fideles). "Through faith alone" renders per solam fidem. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.26 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-26). ## Galatians 3:27 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-27 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The baptized have put on Christ and do not need the law given to sinners. ### Latin text Nam quicumque in Christo baptizati estis , Christum induistis. Filium dei induti, et toti membra eius effecti, filii dei sitis necesse est. ut quid ergo uobis legem, quae seruis et peccatoribus data est, quibus omnia per baptismum peccata remissa sunt? ### English translation (Claude) "For all of you who were baptized in Christ have put on Christ." Having put on the Son of God, and been made wholly his members, you must be sons of God. Why then do you want the law, which was given to slaves and sinners, you whose sins have all been forgiven through baptism? ### Scripture references - Gal 3:27: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.27 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-27). ## Galatians 3:28 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-28 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: All distinctions vanish in Christ. ### Latin text Non est Iudaeus neque Grecus, non est seruus neque liber. Ante enim non solum inter [Iu]d[a]eum et Grecum, sed etiam [inter tribum] et tribum erat magna diuersitas. Non est masculus neque femina: sed omnes uos unum estis in Christo Iesu. ### English translation (Claude) "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free." For before there was great difference not only between Jew and Greek, but also between tribe and tribe. "There is neither male nor female: but you are all one in Christ Jesus." ### Scripture references - Gal 3:28: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets Iu- and the a of Iudaeum and "between tribe"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.28 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-28). ## Galatians 3:29 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/0/#p-3-29 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Members of Christ's body are Abraham's true heirs by promise. ### Latin text Si autem uos omnes unum estis in Christo Iesu, ergo Abrahae semen estis, secundum promissionem heredes. Si omnes unum corpus effecti estis Christi, Abrahae semen estis ut ueri heredes, non ex carnali semine, sed ex diuina promissione generati. ### English translation (Claude) "And if you are all one in Christ Jesus, then you are Abraham's seed, heirs according to promise." If you have all been made one body of Christ, you are Abraham's seed, as true heirs, begotten not from carnal seed but from the divine promise. ### Scripture references - Gal 3:29: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 3.29 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/3-29). ## Galatians 4:1 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-1 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 4:1. ### Latin text Dico autem: quanto tempore heres paruulus est, nihil differt a seruo, cum dominus sit omnium, ### English translation (Claude) "Now I say: as long as the heir is a child, he differs nothing from a slave, though he is lord of all," ### Scripture references - Gal 4:1: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.1 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1). ## Galatians 4:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 4:2. ### Latin text sed sub tutoribus est et actoribus usque ad praefinitum diem a patre. ### English translation (Claude) "but he is under guardians and managers until the day appointed by the father." ### Scripture references - Gal 4:2: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-2). ## Galatians 4:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323–324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Israel's priests ruled as guardians; Christian clergy must lead by example, since all are a priestly people. ### Latin text ita et nos, cum essemus paruuli. Quia dominatum in illis sacerdotes et principes exercebant, quos tutores et actores appella[n]t. modo autem non dominari, sed formam praebere iubentur, quia sacerdotale genus sumus, et omnia communiter, quamuis per illos percipi[a]mus sacramenta. Sub elementis mundi eramus seruientes . Dierum et temporum, quae fuerant eorum infirmitati necessaria pro temporis qualitate. ### English translation (Claude) "So we too, when we were children." Because the priests and princes exercised dominion over them, whom he calls guardians and managers. But now they are commanded not to dominate but to provide a pattern, because we are a priestly race, and all things are common, although we receive the sacraments through them. "We were enslaved under the elements of the world." Of days and times, which were necessary for their weakness, given the character of the time. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:3: quotation, high confidence - 1 Pet 2:9: allusion, high confidence - 1 Pet 5:3: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the n of appellant and the a of percipiamus; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:323–324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-3). ## Galatians 4:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Christ came when bad habit made the law unkeepable; "woman" refers to sex, not loss of virginity. ### Latin text At ubi uenit plenitudo temporis , misit deus filium suum. Inpletum est tempus, quando iam legem per malam consuetudinem nemo poterat custodire. Factum ex muliere. Hic mulieris nomen non corruptionis, sed sexus significat, sicut [et] Eua, statim ut facta est, ‘ mulier appellatur.’ Factum sub lege , ### English translation (Claude) "But when the fullness of time came, God sent his Son." The time was fulfilled when no one could any longer keep the law because of bad habit. "Made of a woman." Here the name "woman" signifies not corruption but sex, as Eve too, as soon as she was made, "is called woman." "Made under the law," ### Scripture references - Gal 4:4: quotation, high confidence - Gen 2:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-4). ## Galatians 4:5 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-5 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Christ was born under the law to redeem both Jews and gentiles. ### Latin text ut eos qui sub lege erant redimeret. Quia, si sub lege factus non esset, Iudaeos saluare non poterat, gentes uero poterat positus sub lege redimere. Ut adoptionem filiorum reciperemus. Non enim omnes recepissemus adoptionem, si factus sub lege non esset. ### English translation (Claude) "to redeem those who were under the law." Because if he had not been made under the law, he could not save the Jews; but he could redeem the gentiles while placed under the law. "So that we might receive the adoption of sons." For not all would have received adoption, if he had not been made under the law. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:5: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.5 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-5). ## Galatians 4:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Spirit of Christ proves believers are God's sons. ### Latin text Quoniam estis filii dei , misit deus spiritum filii sui in corda nostra clamantem ‘ abba pater.’ Ex hoc nos probat filios esse dei, quo[d] spiritum Christi accepimus. ### English translation (Claude) "Because you are sons of God, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying 'Abba, Father.'" From this he proves that we are sons of God: that we have received the Spirit of Christ. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the d of quod; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-6). ## Galatians 4:7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-7 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Sons and heirs should not return to slavery. ### Latin text Itaque iam non es[t] seruus, sed filius: si autem filius, et heres per deum. Quid uis iterum seruus esse, qui iam filius et heres effectus es ? ### English translation (Claude) "So you are no longer a slave, but a son; and if a son, also an heir through God." Why do you wish to be a slave again, you who have already been made son and heir? ### Scripture references - Gal 4:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the t of est; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.7 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-7). ## Galatians 4:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 4:8. ### Latin text Sed tunc quidem nescientes deum , hi[i]s qui [ natura ] non sunt di seruistis: ### English translation (Claude) "But then, not knowing God, you served those who are not gods:" ### Scripture references - Gal 4:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets natura ("by nature") and an i in hiis; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-8). ## Galatians 4:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324–325 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Gentile converts must not adopt Jewish feasts, which were concessions to keep Israel from idols. ### Latin text nunc autem , ubi cognouistis deum. Conuertit se ad illos qui ex gentibus crediderant, et arguit illos, quia dies festos et tempora Iudaeorum obseruare uelint, sicut antea ad idola faciebant: nam et Iudaeis isti dies idcirco concessi sunt, ne eos amore festiuitatis idolis exhiberent. Immo potius cogniti estis a deo. Qui ante ignorabamini ab illo qui non nouit iniquos, et non illum uos quaesistis, sed ille uos perditos requisiuit. Quo modo conuertimini iterum ad infirma et egena elementa, quibus rursum seruire uultis? ### English translation (Claude) "but now, when you have known God." He turns to those who had believed from among the gentiles, and rebukes them because they wished to observe the feast days and times of the Jews, as they had done before for idols: for these days were granted to the Jews too for this reason, lest out of love of festivity they offer them to idols. "Or rather have been known by God." You who before were not known by him who does not know the wicked; and you did not seek him, but he sought you out when you were lost. "How do you turn again to the weak and beggarly elements, which you wish to serve again?" ### Scripture references - Gal 4:9: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:324–325; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-9). ## Galatians 4:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Christians keep a spiritual feast, not the Jewish calendar of days. ### Latin text dies obseruatis et menses et tempora et annos. Nos non similiter obseruamus: non enim calendas colimus nec dies festos, sicut illi in luxuria et epulis, sed [spiritalem festiuitatem] in sinceritatis et [in] ueritatis azymis celebramus. ### English translation (Claude) "You observe days and months and times and years." We do not observe them in the same way: for we do not keep the calends or the feast days, as they do in luxury and feasting, but we celebrate with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:10: quotation, high confidence - 1 Cor 5:8: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "a spiritual festival" and in; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-10). ## Galatians 4:11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-11 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Returning to the observances would undo Paul's work. ### Latin text Timeo [uos,] ne forte sine causa laborauerim in uobis. Nihil enim profeci Christianos uos faciendo, si i[s]ta iterum obseruatis. ### English translation (Claude) "I fear lest perhaps I have labored over you in vain." For I have achieved nothing by making you Christians, if you observe these things again. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:11: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets uos and the s of ista; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.11 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-11). ## Galatians 4:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul speaks out of concern for their salvation, not resentment. ### Latin text Estote sicut [et] ego , qu[on]ia[m ] et ego sicut uos. fratres , obsecro uos , nihil me laesistis. Ut merito putetis me inimicitiarum, et non salutis uestrae causa moueri. ### English translation (Claude) "Be as I am, because I also am as you. Brothers, I beseech you, you have done me no wrong." That is, you have given me no ground for you to think that I am moved by enmity and not for the sake of your salvation. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:12: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The comment reads literally "so that you might rightly think that I am moved by enmity"; the sense is rendered. Souter brackets et and letters of quoniam; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-12). ## Galatians 4:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325–326 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul first preached in bodily weakness. ### Latin text Scitis [autem] quia per infirmitatem carnis euangelizaui uobis prius. Uel passionum, uel etiam naturalem, quia thesaurum gratiae in uasis fictilibus baiulabat. ### English translation (Claude) "You know that through weakness of the flesh I preached the gospel to you before." Either of sufferings or even natural weakness, because he carried the treasure of grace in earthen vessels. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:13: quotation, high confidence - 2 Cor 4:7: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets autem; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:325–326; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-13). ## Galatians 4:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Galatians received Paul in his weakness as an angel, even as Christ. ### Latin text Et temptationem uestram [in] carne mea non spreuistis neque respuistis. Grandis temptatio discipuli est, si uir sanctus aut infirmetur aut impune laedatur; sed ideo hic ista pati permittuntur a deo, ut uirtutem [in] infirmitate perficiant, et ut corruptionem hanc sentientes incorruptam uitam maiore studio et amore perquirant. Sed sicut angelum [dei] excepistis me. Cum se angelo comparatum gaudet, probat angelos hominibus esse maiores. Sicut Christum Iesum. Non solum ut angelum. ### English translation (Claude) "And your trial in my flesh you did not despise or reject." It is a great trial for a disciple if a holy man is sick or harmed with impunity; but God allows these things to be suffered here so that they may perfect power in weakness, and so that, feeling this corruption, they may seek incorruptible life with greater zeal and love. "But you received me as an angel." When he rejoices at being compared to an angel, he proves that angels are greater than men. "As Christ Jesus." Not only as an angel. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:14: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets in twice and dei ("of God"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-14). ## Galatians 4:15 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-15 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Galatians once loved Paul so much they would have given him their eyes. ### Latin text Ubi est ergo beatitudo uestra? Qua me tunc taliter suscepistis. Testimonium [enim] perhibeo uobis qui[a], si fieri posset , oculos uestros eruissetis et dedissetis mihi. Ostendit quanta eum caritate dilexerint et quo modo se totos eius doctrinae tradiderint, qui ea quae carissima sunt corporis sui membra, eidem tradere cuperent, hanc solam euangelico lumini dignam esse uicissitudinem arbitrantes, si sua lumina reddidissent. ### English translation (Claude) "Where then is your blessedness?" With which you then received me so. "For I bear you witness that, if it had been possible, you would have plucked out your eyes and given them to me." He shows with how great love they loved him and how they gave themselves wholly to his teaching, since they wished to give him the dearest members of their body, thinking this the only worthy return for the light of the gospel: to give back their own eyes. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:15: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets enim and the a of quia; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.15 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-15). ## Galatians 4:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326–327 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Truth makes enemies; the Galatians preferred sabbath leisure and feasts to Paul's self-restraint. ### Latin text Ergo inimicus uobis factus sum uerum dicens uobis. Haec est condicio ueritatis, ut eam semper inimicitiae prosequantur, sicut per adulationem perniciosae amicitiae conquiruntur: libenter enim quod delectat auditur, et offendit omne quot nolumus. ita ergo et hi[i] diligere coeperant sabbati otium et dierum festorum epulas, praedicantes contra apostolum, qui omnem continentiam suo illis monstrabat exemplo. ### English translation (Claude) "So have I become your enemy by telling you the truth?" This is the condition of truth, that enmities always follow it, as harmful friendships are acquired through flattery: for what delights is heard gladly, and everything we do not want offends. So these too had begun to love the leisure of the sabbath and the banquets of feast days, preaching against the apostle, who showed them all self-restraint by his example. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:16: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:326–327; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-16). ## Galatians 4:17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-17 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The rivals' zeal aims to exclude, not to build up. ### Latin text Aemulantur uos non bene , sed excludere uos uolunt , ut illos aemulemini. Aemulus et imitator potest et inimicus intellegi, sed non bene aemulatur qui, ut alium deiciat, non ut ipse proficiat, aemulatur. [ Aemulamini autem meliora.] ### English translation (Claude) "They are zealous for you not well, but they wish to shut you out, so that you may be zealous for them." A rival and imitator can also be understood as an enemy; but he is not zealous well who is zealous in order to cast another down, not to advance himself. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:17: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "But be zealous for better things"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.17 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-17). ## Galatians 4:18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-18 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Pursue the good always, not just in Paul's presence. ### Latin text bonum [autem] aemulamini [in bono ] semper, [et] non solum cum praesens sum apud uos . Nolite illos aemulari, sed bonum semper aemulamini, non in praesentia mei tantum. ### English translation (Claude) "Be zealous for the good always, not only when I am present with you." Do not emulate them, but always emulate the good, not only in my presence. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets autem, "in good," and et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.18 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-18). ## Galatians 4:19 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-19 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Through repentance one can be reborn until Christ's life is formed in him. ### Latin text Filioli mei . Per euangelium geniti in lucem ueritatis [atque iustitiae]. Quos iterum parturio. Iterum me dolorem et gemitum sustinere fecistis. ostendit hominem per paenitentiam posse renasci. Donec formetur Christus in uobis. In illo uere Christus formatur, qui uirtutem fidei eius intellegit, et in quo omnis conuersatio eius exprimitur atque depingitur. ### English translation (Claude) "My little children." Born through the gospel into the light of truth. "With whom I am again in labor." You have made me suffer pain and groaning again. He shows that a person can be reborn through repentance. "Until Christ is formed in you." Christ is truly formed in him who understands the power of his faith, and in whom all Christ's way of life is expressed and painted. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:19: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "and righteousness"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.19 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-19). ## Galatians 4:20 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-20 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327–328 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul wishes to come and speak sternly in person. ### Latin text Uellem autem [ad]esse apud uos nunc. Quia quanta uos audire meremini, scribere tanta non possum. Et mutare uocem meam. Uocem blandientis patris in rigorem magistri uerterem arguentis. Quoniam confundor in uobis. ### English translation (Claude) "I wish I could be present with you now." Because I cannot write as much as you deserve to hear. "And change my voice." I would turn the voice of a coaxing father into the rigor of a rebuking master. "Because I am confounded about you." ### Scripture references - Gal 4:20: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets ad- in adesse; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.20 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:327–328; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-20). ## Galatians 4:21 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-21 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The disciples' relapse shames their teacher. ### Latin text dicite mihi, sub lege uolentes esse. Detrimentum discipulorum confusio est magistri, sicut profectus eorum est gloria praeceptoris : confunditur autem, quia iam filii facti rursum serui esse cupiebant. Legem num legistis? ### English translation (Claude) "Tell me, you who wish to be under the law." The loss of disciples is the confusion of the master, as their progress is the teacher's glory; and he is confounded because, having already been made sons, they wished to be slaves again. "Have you not read the law?" ### Scripture references - Gal 4:21: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.21 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-21). ## Galatians 4:22 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-22 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Lemma of Gal 4:22. ### Latin text scriptum [est] enim quod Abraham duos filios habuit, unum de ancilla et unum de libera: ### English translation (Claude) "For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and one by the free woman:" ### Scripture references - Gal 4:22: quotation, high confidence - Gen 16:15: allusion, high confidence - Gen 21:2: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets est; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.22 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-22). ## Galatians 4:23 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-23 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Ishmael was born naturally, Isaac by faith in the promise. ### Latin text sed [is] qui de ancilla , secundum carnem natus est; qui autem de libera , per repromissionem [dei]. Ismahel carn[al]is, Isaac fidei filius fuit: illum enim Abraham secundum carnalem usum genuit, istum contra naturam promissioni credendo suscepit. ### English translation (Claude) "but the one by the slave woman was born according to the flesh; and the one by the free woman, through the promise." Ishmael was a son of the flesh, Isaac a son of faith: for Abraham begot the one in the carnal way, the other he received contrary to nature by believing the promise. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets is, dei, and -al- in carnalis; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.23 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-23). ## Galatians 4:24 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-24 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328–329 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Allegory must keep the truth of the history and never turn sins into mysteries; the two covenants are of slavery and freedom. ### Latin text Quae [quidem] per allegoriam sunt dicta. Hoc est, alia [l]ex aliis figurata. dedit autem regulam hoc loco apostolus intellegendi allegoricas rationes, scilicet ut manente historiae ueritate figuras testamenti ueteris exponamus. nam cum dixisset Abraham duas uxores uerissime habuisse, postea quae [prae]figurauerint demonstrauit, et hoc ipsum ibi fecit ubi aliqua sanctorum honeste gesta referuntur, non ubi peccata notantur. ceterum delicta dicere mysteria aut impossibilitatis aut ignorantiae deum est criminari, qui[a] aut aliter sua monstrare non potu[er]it sacramenta, aut certe nesciens sibi quorundam peccata necessaria, prius illa generaliter condemnarit; sed et postea reprehend[end]o atque uindicando. ostendit illa non se propter sua mysteria fieri uoluisse. praecepta uero difficile inuenies apostolum taliter exponentem, ne eorum uideretur eneruare uirtutem. Haec autem sunt duo testamenta. Uetus et nouum singulos populos generantia. Unum quidem a monte Sina in seruitutem generans . Iudaei metu etiam praesenti cogebantur ut serui; nos uero praemiis inuitamur ut liberi: et illi quasi serui praeter moralia praecepta etiam diuersis operibus premebantur; nobis autem quasi filiis mor[t]alibus monitis adimpletis seruilia onera auferuntur: et illi sacerdotibus suis ex debito seruientes tributa etiam reddere cogebantur; nos uero praeter caritatem nihil debentes, antestites nostros uoluntarie honoramus. Quae est Agar. Cuius typum habebat synagoga. ### English translation (Claude) "Which things are said by allegory." That is, some things are figured by others. In this place the apostle gave a rule for understanding allegorical meanings: namely, that we expound the figures of the Old Testament while the truth of the history remains. For when he had said that Abraham truly had two wives, he afterwards showed what they prefigured; and he did this where honorable deeds of the saints are related, not where sins are recorded. For to call sins mysteries is to accuse God either of impossibility or of ignorance, as if either he could not show his sacraments otherwise, or certainly, not knowing that the sins of some were necessary for him, he first condemned them in general; but he also showed afterwards, by rebuking and punishing, that he did not wish them to be done for the sake of his mysteries. And you will hardly find the apostle expounding precepts in this way, lest he seem to weaken their force. "For these are the two testaments." The old and the new, each begetting its own people. "One from Mount Sinai, begetting for slavery." The Jews were compelled even by present fear, like slaves; but we are invited by rewards, like free men. They, like slaves, besides the moral precepts were also pressed by various works; but from us, as sons, once the moral admonitions are fulfilled, servile burdens are taken away. They, serving their priests by obligation, were also compelled to pay tributes; but we, owing nothing except love, honor our prelates voluntarily. "Which is Hagar." Whose type the synagogue bore. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:24: quotation, high confidence - Rom 13:8: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Pelagius's rule for allegory is translated as written. Souter brackets quidem, the l of lex (giving "one thing from another"), prae- in praefigurauerint, the a of quia, -er- in potuerit, -end- in reprehendendo, and the t of mortalibus (giving "moral"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.24 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:328–329; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-24). ## Galatians 4:25 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-25 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:329–330 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Sinai and earthly Jerusalem stand for the covenant of slavery. ### Latin text Sina enim mons est in Arabia , qui coniungitur ei quae nunc est Hierusalem. De qualitatibus locorum uult intellegi diuersitatem testamentorum. Et seruit cum filiis suis. Cum filiis Hierusalem gentibus seruit. ### English translation (Claude) "For Sinai is a mountain in Arabia, which is joined to the present Jerusalem." From the character of the places he wants the difference of the testaments to be understood. "And she is in slavery with her children." With the sons of Jerusalem she serves the gentiles. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:25: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.25 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:329–330; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-25). ## Galatians 4:26 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-26 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The church, the heavenly Jerusalem, is the free mother of Jewish and gentile believers. ### Latin text Quae autem sursum est Hierusalem libera est, quae est mater omnium nostrum . Ecclesia, quae mater est tam gentilium credentium quam etiam Iudaeorum, cuius filii serui esse non possunt: et ideo [et] mediator noui testamenti de caelo aduenit et pontifex, et euangelium non in uno loco, sed in toto mundo est praedicatum. ### English translation (Claude) "But the Jerusalem above is free, which is the mother of us all." The church, which is the mother of believing gentiles as well as Jews, whose children cannot be slaves; and therefore the mediator and high priest of the new testament came from heaven, and the gospel was preached not in one place but in the whole world. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:26: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.26 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-26). ## Galatians 4:27 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-27 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Isaiah's barren woman, prefigured by Hannah, is the church, mother of many. ### Latin text Scriptum est enim: Laetare , sterilis, quae non paris . Prophetico testimonio probat meliorem nos quam Iudaeos matrem habere. Erumpe et clama, quae non parturis . Clamor pro laetitia ponitur in hoc loco. Quia multi filii desertae . Hoc praefigurabat Anna, quae dixit: ‘ sterilis peperit septem, et fetosa in filiis infirmata est.’ Magis quam eius quae habet uirum . Quae uirum habere se putans de fecunditate gloriatur; aut quia habebat uirum ante quam eiceretur cum filio suo. ### English translation (Claude) "For it is written: Rejoice, barren one, who do not bear." By a prophetic testimony he proves that we have a better mother than the Jews. "Break forth and cry, you who do not travail." "Cry" is put for gladness in this place. "For many are the children of the desolate one." Hannah prefigured this, who said: "The barren has borne seven, and she who was rich in children has grown weak." "More than of her who has a husband." Who, thinking that she has a husband, boasts of her fruitfulness; or because she had a husband before she was cast out with her son. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:27: quotation, high confidence - Isa 54:1: quotation, high confidence - 1 Sam 2:5: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.27 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-27). ## Galatians 4:28 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-28 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Believers, like Isaac, are children of the promise. ### Latin text Nos autem, fratres, secundum Isaac promissionis filii sumus . Quo modo de Isaac, ita et de nobis est Habrahae repromissum [est], quod scilicet in eo benedicendae essent omnes gentes. ### English translation (Claude) "But we, brothers, like Isaac, are children of the promise." As concerning Isaac, so concerning us was the promise made to Abraham, namely that in him all nations would be blessed. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:28: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets est; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.28 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-28). ## Galatians 4:29 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-29 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330–331 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The carnal persecute the spiritual, as Ishmael did Isaac. ### Latin text Sed quo modo tunc qui secundum carnem natus est . Semper carnales homines eos qui spiritales sunt persecuntur; unde mirum non est si et modo carnei et saeculares homines sanctos tribulent et adfligant: immo inde cognoscendi sunt iusti esse, si a talibus opprimantur. Persequebatur eum qui secundum spiritum. In Genesi quidem hoc scriptum est quia luserit cum Isaac Ismahel: sed apostolus ostendit non simplicem lusum fuisse, quem persecutionem appellat. unde intellegitur quia scurrilem eum et leuem, sicut ipse erat, facere cupiebat, ne illi posset in hereditate praeferri. ideo Habraham de [e]iciendo eo uocem Sarrae iubetur audire. Ita et nunc . Ita et isti seruos [s]uos sibi similes facere nituntur. ### English translation (Claude) "But as then he who was born according to the flesh." Carnal people always persecute those who are spiritual; hence it is no wonder if even now carnal and worldly people trouble and afflict the saints: rather, it is from this that they are to be recognized as righteous, if they are oppressed by such people. "Persecuted him who was born according to the Spirit." In Genesis it is indeed written that Ishmael played with Isaac; but the apostle shows that it was not simple play, since he calls it persecution. Hence it is understood that he wished to make him scurrilous and frivolous, as he himself was, so that Isaac could not be preferred to him in the inheritance. Therefore Abraham is told to listen to Sarah's voice about casting him out. "So it is now also." So these too are trying to make you slaves like themselves. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:29: quotation, high confidence - Gen 21:9: allusion, high confidence - Gen 21:12: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the e of eiciendo and the s of suos (giving "you"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.29 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:330–331; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-29). ## Galatians 4:30 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-30 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:331 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Sons of the slave woman, including unbelieving Jews, cannot share the inheritance. ### Latin text Sed qui[d] dicit scriptum? Eice ancillam et filium eius: non enim heres erit filius ancillae cum filio meo Isaac. Quantum uis se extollat iniquitas, ancilla est et subicienda sanctis, sicut et Iudaei: quamuis Habrahae filios esse se iactent, quam diu filii ancillae fuerint, uobiscum hereditatem habere non possunt. ### English translation (Claude) "But what does Scripture say? Cast out the slave woman and her son: for the son of the slave woman shall not be heir with my son Isaac." However much iniquity exalts itself, it is a slave woman and must be subject to the saints; so too the Jews: although they boast that they are sons of Abraham, as long as they are sons of the slave woman they cannot have the inheritance with you. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:30: quotation, high confidence - Gen 21:10: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the d of quid; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.30 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:331; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-30). ## Galatians 4:31 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-4-31 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:331–332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Believers are children of the free woman and must not follow the slave. ### Latin text Itaque, fratres , non sumus ancillae filii, sed liber[a]e, qua libertate Christus nos liberauit . Non debemus ancillam sequi matre relicta, quia, licet eiusdem uiri fuerit uxor, tamen ad tempus, quia Sarrae tempus nondum uenerat generandi. ### English translation (Claude) "So, brothers, we are not children of the slave woman, but of the free, with the freedom by which Christ has set us free." We ought not to follow the slave woman, leaving our mother; because, though she was the wife of the same husband, it was for a time, because Sarah's time for bearing had not yet come. ### Scripture references - Gal 4:31: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the a of liberae; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 4.31 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:331–332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-31). ## Galatians 5:1 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-1 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The time of the law is over; do not take up its yoke. ### Latin text State et nolite iterum iugo seruitutis inhaerere. State in fide euangelii; iam enim tempus legis effluxit. noli[te] iugum cum Iudaeis trahere, quod nec ipsi ferre potuerunt. ### English translation (Claude) "Stand, and do not again cling to the yoke of slavery." Stand in the faith of the gospel; for the time of the law has now run out. Do not draw with the Jews a yoke which not even they could bear. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:1: quotation, high confidence - Acts 15:10: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -te in nolite; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.1 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-1). ## Galatians 5:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Circumcision implies Christ alone is not enough. ### Latin text Ecce ego Paulus dico uobis. Ego uobis audenter dico, neminem pertimescens. Quoniam si circumcidamini, Christus uobis nihil proderit. Quia solum [illum] ad salutem uobis sufficere non putatis. ### English translation (Claude) "Behold, I, Paul, say to you." I say it to you boldly, fearing no one. "That if you are circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing." Because you do not think that he alone suffices you for salvation. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:2: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets illum; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-2). ## Galatians 5:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Whoever takes circumcision must keep the whole law or be cursed. ### Latin text Testificor autem rursus omni [homini] circumcidenti se quoniam debitor est uniuersae legis faciendae. Qui[a] caput operum legis suscepit, necesse est ut [et] cetera membra sustineat, ne maledictioni subiaceat. ### English translation (Claude) "And I testify again to everyone who circumcises himself that he is a debtor to do the whole law." Since he has taken on the head of the works of the law, he must also bear the other members, lest he be subject to the curse. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:3: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets homini ("man"), the a of quia, and et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-3). ## Galatians 5:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Seeking justification by the law despises the free grace already received. ### Latin text Euacuati estis a Christo: qui [in] lege iustificamini , a gratia excidistis. Si in lege spem ponitis et iustificari posse uos creditis, infirmam Christi gratiam iudicatis, et quod iam gratis consecuti estis, tamquam non habentes propriis uultis laboribus adipisci. ### English translation (Claude) "You have been emptied from Christ, you who are justified in the law; you have fallen from grace." If you place your hope in the law and believe that you can be justified, you judge the grace of Christ weak, and what you have already obtained freely you wish to acquire by your own labors, as though you did not have it. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:4: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets in; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-4). ## Galatians 5:5 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-5 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Believers await the reward of righteousness by the Spirit and faith. ### Latin text Nos enim spiritu ex fide spem iustitiae expectamus. [Spiritali conuersatione perfectae fidei speramus nos] moralis [iustitiae] accepturos esse mercedem. ### English translation (Claude) "For we, by the Spirit, from faith, await the hope of righteousness." [By a spiritual way of life of perfect faith we hope] to receive the reward of moral [righteousness]. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets nearly the whole comment; it is kept in brackets because what remains ("to receive the reward of moral") has no sense alone. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.5 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-5). ## Galatians 5:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332–333 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Faith works through love, and works more than fear does. ### Latin text Nam in Christo Iesu neque circumcisio aliquid ualet neque praeputium. [Nec circumcisio prodest nec praeputium] nocet temporibus Christianis. Sed fides quae per caritatem operatur. Ergo et fides operatur, sed per caritatem, non per timorem : ‘qui’ enim ‘ credit deo, attendit mandatis,’ et qui credit futuris, amplius operatur quam qui praesentem metuit poenam. ### English translation (Claude) "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision avails anything nor uncircumcision." [Neither does circumcision profit nor uncircumcision] harm in Christian times. "But faith which works through love." So faith also works, but through love, not through fear: for "he who believes God attends to the commandments," and he who believes in things to come works more than he who fears present punishment. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:6: quotation, high confidence ### Extrabiblical texts - Sir 32:24 (Sirach): quotation, medium confidence ### Translation notes - The saying is Sir 32:24 (Greek numbering). Souter brackets the first part of the comment; it is kept in brackets for the sense. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:332–333; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-6). ## Galatians 5:7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-7 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Galatians ran well until someone burdened them with the law. ### Latin text Currebatis bene . Fidei gressibus et moralibus disciplinis. Quis uos impediuit ueritati non oboedire? Quis ille fuit qui uos legis oneribus implicauit, ut cursum uestrae fidei praepediret? Nemini consenseritis : ### English translation (Claude) "You were running well." In the steps of faith and in moral disciplines. "Who hindered you from obeying the truth?" Who was it that entangled you in the burdens of the law, so as to hinder the course of your faith? "Consent to no one:" ### Scripture references - Gal 5:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The lemma of Gal 5:8 begins here in an Old Latin form ("consent to no one"). ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.7 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-7). ## Galatians 5:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Only God's word deserves assent. ### Latin text suasio uestra ex deo est, qui uoca[ui]t uos . Nec illis nec mihi nisi uerbi[s] dei consentire debetis, qui uos iterum ad paenitentiam [re]uoca[ui]t. ### English translation (Claude) "your persuasion is from God, who called you." You ought to consent neither to them nor to me, except to the words of God, who has called you back again to repentance. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -ui- twice, the s of uerbis, and re-; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-8). ## Galatians 5:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: A little malice can corrupt the whole church. ### Latin text Modicum fermentum uniuersam massam corrumpit. Ne quis [forte] diceret : “ [cur omnes corripis, dum non omnes errauerint?]” ostendit quod modicum malitiae fermentum totam possit ecclesiae massam sua acerbitate corrumpere. ### English translation (Claude) "A little leaven corrupts the whole lump." Lest anyone should object, he shows that a little leaven of malice can corrupt the whole lump of the church by its sourness. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:9: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets forte and the objection itself ("Why do you rebuke all, when not all have erred?"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-9). ## Galatians 5:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul trusts the Galatians; the troubler will be judged. ### Latin text Ego confido de uobis in domino . Qui nondum estis prauitate corrupti. Quod nihil aliut facietis . Quam habet ueritas Christi. Qui autem conturbat uos , portabit iudicium , quicumque est Hic . Ab eu[u]angelii ueritate. ### English translation (Claude) "I am confident about you in the Lord." You who are not yet corrupted by depravity. "That you will do nothing else." Than what the truth of Christ holds. "But he who troubles you will bear the judgment, whoever he is." From the truth of the gospel. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:10: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The lemma reads "will do" (facietis). ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-10). ## Galatians 5:11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-11 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333–334 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's persecution proves he does not preach circumcision but salvation by faith alone. ### Latin text Ego autem , fratres, si circumcisionem praedico, quid adhuc persecutionem sustineo? Quod de me uobis mentiti sunt deceptores, ita me aliis praedicare, quid persecutionem patior ut circumcisionis inimicus, si sum ipsius adfirmator? Ergo euacuatum est scandalum crucis. Ideo scandalum patiuntur quia in sola fide crucis dico esse salutem. ### English translation (Claude) "But I, brothers, if I preach circumcision, why am I still suffering persecution?" As the deceivers lied to you about me, that I preach thus to others: why do I suffer persecution as an enemy of circumcision, if I am its advocate? "Then the scandal of the cross has been made void." They take offense for this reason, because I say that salvation is in faith in the cross alone. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:11: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Faith alone" renders sola fide. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.11 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:333–334; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-11). ## Galatians 5:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's wish that the troublers be cut off. ### Latin text Utinam et abscidantur qui nos conturbant! Si putant sibi hoc prodesse, non solum circum[ci]dantur, sed etiam abscidantur: si enim expoliatio membri proficit, multo magis ablatio, quidam dicunt: “utinam errore abscisi, ueritatis radicibus inserantur ! ” ### English translation (Claude) "Would that those who trouble us were even cut off!" If they think this profits them, let them not only be circumcised but cut off: for if stripping a member profits, much more its removal. Some say: "Would that, cut off from error, they might be grafted into the roots of truth!" ### Scripture references - Gal 5:12: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets ci- in circumcidantur; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-12). ## Galatians 5:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Freedom must not lead back to the law, but to willing service in love. ### Latin text Uos enim in libertate[m] uocati estis , fratres: tantum ne libertatem [hanc] in occasionem carnis detis. Tantum ne per occasionem circumcisionis ad [legis] seruitium redeatis. Sed per caritatem [spiritus] seruit[iti]e [in] inuicem. [Semite in inuicem.] Non superbiam sub specie libertatis insinuo, sed spontaneum uolo esse seruitium, non coactum. ### English translation (Claude) "For you were called to freedom, brothers; only do not give freedom as an occasion for the flesh." Only do not, through the occasion of circumcision, return to service. "But through love serve one another." I do not insinuate pride under the guise of freedom; but I want service to be spontaneous, not compelled. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:13: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets the m of libertatem, hanc, legis ("of the law"), spiritus, -iti-, in, and a repeated "serve one another"; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-13). ## Galatians 5:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334–335 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Love has four degrees: God, self, neighbor, and enemy; love of God comes first. ### Latin text Omnia enim lex in uobis uno spiritu impletur. Legis etiam ipsa moralia quae quaeruntur, uno possunt sermone concludi et in uno hoc praecepto compleri. Diliges proximum tuum . Dilectio uel caritas [in] quattuor modis constat; hoc est, in dei dilectione, quae[quae] prima est; secunda, si nosmet ipsos secundum deum amemus; tertia, proximos; quarta, etiam inimicos. deum ergo plus quam nos diligere debemus; proximum[, sicut nos; inimicum, ut proximum], [proximus] diligebatur in lege, et, nisi deum primo dilexerimus, nos minime possumus non peccando diligere; et si nos non diligimus, ad quam formam proximos diligemus? quod si proximum non amamus, quando inimicum amare poterimus? si ergo uolumus dilectionem habere, primo deum plus quam nos[t]ras animas diligamus: quod inde probatur, si propter deum etiam salutem nostram et ipsas animas contemnamus. Sicut te ipsum. Qui sicut se proximum diligit, utraque complet genera mandatorum: id est, nec malum faci[e]t ulli, [n]et bonum faci[e]t. ### English translation (Claude) "For the whole law is fulfilled in you in one word." Even the moral parts of the law which are required can be summed up in one word and fulfilled in this one precept. "You shall love your neighbor." Love or charity consists in four ways: in the love of God, which is first; second, if we love ourselves according to God; third, our neighbors; fourth, even our enemies. So we ought to love God more than ourselves, and our neighbor; the neighbor was loved in the law. And unless we first love God, we cannot love ourselves without sinning; and if we do not love ourselves, by what standard shall we love our neighbors? And if we do not love our neighbor, when shall we be able to love our enemy? So if we wish to have love, let us first love God more than our own lives; which is proved if, for God's sake, we despise even our safety and our very lives. "As yourself." He who loves his neighbor as himself fulfils both kinds of commandments: that is, he will do evil to no one, and he will do good. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:14: quotation, high confidence - Lev 19:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The scan reads "in one spirit" (spiritu) in the lemma, but the comment explains "one word" (sermone); "word" is translated. Souter brackets "as ourselves; the enemy as the neighbor" and proximus, and letters of nostras and faciet; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:334–335; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-14). ## Galatians 5:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:335–337 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The soul is "flesh" when it thinks carnally; the contentious are shut out of the kingdom with idolaters and murderers. ### Latin text Quod si inuicem mordetis [et incuaatis], Per contentiones singuli uos meliores alteris iudicando. Uidete ne ab inuicem consumamini. Dum alter alteri occasio perditionis exsistit. Dico autem: Spiritu ambulate. Spiritalibus acti[oni]bus, quos infra describit. Et desideria carnis non perficietis. Non quo[d] caro sine anima concupiscat, sed ipsa anima, quando carnalia cogitat, [caro] dicitur, quando uero spiritalia, unus cum deo fit spiritus. quam diu ergo duplex in nobis est desiderium uel uoluntas, dei non consecuntur. Notandum atque plangendum quod contentiosos ac dissidentes uel iracundos cum idol[ol]atri[bu]s et ueneficis et homicidis penitus exclusit a regno. ### English translation (Claude) "But if you bite one another," Through strifes, each of you judging himself better than others. "Take care that you are not consumed by one another." When one becomes the occasion of another's perdition. "But I say: walk by the Spirit." In spiritual actions, which he describes below. "And you will not fulfil the desires of the flesh." Not that the flesh desires without the soul; but the soul itself, when it thinks carnal things, is called flesh, and when it thinks spiritual things, it becomes one spirit with God. So as long as there is a double desire or will in us, the things of God are not attained. It is to be noted and lamented that he utterly excluded from the kingdom the contentious and dissenting and wrathful, together with idolaters, sorcerers, and murderers. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:15: quotation, high confidence - Gal 5:16: quotation, high confidence - Gal 5:20: allusion, high confidence - Gal 5:21: allusion, high confidence - 1 Cor 6:17: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - The section runs from Gal 5:15 to 5:21; the lemmas of 5:17–21 do not appear in the staged text, though the last sentence comments on 5:20–21. Souter brackets "and devour," -oni- in actionibus, the d of quod, caro, -ol- in idololatris, and -bu-; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:335–337; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-16). ## Galatians 5:22 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-22 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Love heads the fruit of the Spirit: joy, peace, patience, goodness, gentleness. ### Latin text Fructus autem spiritus [ est ] caritas. Omnium uirtutum prima est caritas, quam in quattuor partes diuisibilem adnotauimus. Gaudium. Spiritale. Pax. ‘ Etiam cum odientibus pacem.’ [Patientia.]Longanimitas. Inlatas iniurias sustinere patienter. Bonitas [bmignUas]. Semper bene uelle facere. Mansuetudo. Nulli iniuriam inrogare. ### English translation (Claude) "But the fruit of the Spirit is love." The first of all the virtues is love, which we noted is divisible into four parts. "Joy." Spiritual. "Peace." "Peace even with those who hate." "Long-suffering." To bear injuries done to us patiently. "Goodness." Always to wish to do good. "Gentleness." To do injury to no one. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:22: quotation, high confidence - Ps 120:7 (119:7 LXX): allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - The saying on peace echoes Ps 120:7 (LXX 119:7). Souter brackets est, Patientia, and benignitas; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.22 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-22). ## Galatians 5:23 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-23 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Continence belongs to spiritual marriages, chastity to virgins; the law does not forbid such fruits. ### Latin text Fides. Uel: Deo credere. Uel: [H]om[i]nibus promissa complere. Modestia. Nec laesum irasci. Continentia, castitas [. ,dilectio], , Continentia in coniugiis spiritalibus, castitas in uirginibus intellegitur. Aduersus huius modi non est lex. Non enim ista prohibuit, sed et qui nouum implet, non est sub uetere testamento. ### English translation (Claude) "Faith." Either: to believe God. Or: to fulfil promises to all. "Modesty." Not to be angry when injured. "Continence, chastity." Continence is understood of spiritual marriages, chastity of virgins. "Against such there is no law." For the law did not forbid these things; and he who fulfils the new is not under the old testament. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:23: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Spiritual marriages" are marriages lived in continence. Souter brackets letters that make hominibus into omnibus ("all") and dilectio; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.23 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-23). ## Galatians 5:24 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-5-24 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337–339 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Those who have crucified the flesh do not need the law that restrains vices. ### Latin text Qui autem sunt Christi, carnem suam cruci fixerunt cum passionibus et desideriis. Si omnia simul uitia cruci fixa sunt, et caro, quasi pendens in ligno, non concupiscit, ut quid nobis legem, quae data est ad uitia co[h]er[c]enda? simul illut notandum quod eos dixerit quia et ipsi infirmari et mori posse se credunt. ### English translation (Claude) "And those who are Christ's have crucified their flesh with its passions and desires." If all vices together have been crucified, and the flesh, as it were hanging on the tree, does not desire, what need have we of the law, which was given to restrain vices? At the same time it is to be noted that he said this of them because they too believe that they can be weak and die. ### Scripture references - Gal 5:24: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The last sentence seems to belong to a lemma (perhaps Gal 6:1, "considering yourself") that does not appear in the staged text; its sense is uncertain. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 5.24 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:337–339; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/5-24). ## Galatians 6:2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-2 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The law of Christ is love. ### Latin text Et inuicem onera uestra portate, et sic adimplebitis legem Christi. Lex Christi caritas [est], sicut ipse dicit: ‘mandatum nouum do uobis, ut uos inuicem diligatis, sicut et ego dilexi uos.’ simul notandum quod gratia lex dicatur. ### English translation (Claude) "And bear one another's burdens, and so you will fulfil the law of Christ." The law of Christ is love, as he himself says: "A new commandment I give you, that you love one another, as I also have loved you." At the same time it is to be noted that grace is called a law. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:2: quotation, high confidence - John 13:34: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets est; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.2 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-2). ## Galatians 6:3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-3 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Self-deception lies in thinking oneself beyond temptation or trusting flatterers. ### Latin text Nam [si] qui[s] se existimat esse aliquid, cum nihil sit, se ipse seducit. Qui se putat non posse temptari. Siue: Qui plus de se laudanti se quam suae conscientiae credit. ### English translation (Claude) "For if anyone thinks he is something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself." He who thinks that he cannot be tempted. Or: he who believes one who praises him more than his own conscience. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:3: quotation, high confidence ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.3 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-3). ## Galatians 6:4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-4 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Each is judged by his own conscience and works, not by comparison or flattery. ### Latin text Opus autem suum probet unus quisque . Testimonio [unus quisque] conscientiae [suae]. Et sic in semet ipso tantum gloriam habebit , et non in altero . In sua conscientia, non in alterius adulatione. Siue: In sua iusti[ti]a, non in alieno peccato : nemo enim proficit per alterius detrimentum, nec ex illius delicto in die iudicii iustior [plus] quam fuerit apparebit. Nam unus quisque proprium onus portabit. Non enim onus eius laus auferet seducentis. ### English translation (Claude) "But let each one test his own work." By the testimony of conscience. "And then he will have glory in himself alone, and not in another." In his own conscience, not in another's flattery. Or: in his own righteousness, not in another's sin: for no one advances by another's loss, nor will anyone appear more righteous on the day of judgment than he was because of another's offense. "For each one will bear his own burden." For the praise of a flatterer will not take away his burden. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:4: quotation, high confidence - Gal 6:5: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 6:4–5. Souter brackets "each one," suae, -ti- in iustitia, and plus; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.4 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-4). ## Galatians 6:6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-6 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339–340 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Learners owe teachers obedience, imitation, or support. ### Latin text Communicet autem is qui catecizatur uerbo ei qui [se] catecizat in omnibus bonis . Siue: Obaudientiam uerbo et actibus imitatione[m]. Siue: Substantiam uictus. ### English translation (Claude) "Let him who is catechized in the word share with him who catechizes him in all good things." Either: obedience to the word and imitation in deeds. Or: the substance of livelihood. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets se and the m of imitationem; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.6 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:339–340; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-6). ## Galatians 6:7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-7 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: God's threats are real, as Eve and Lot's wife learned. ### Latin text Nolite errare: deus non deridetur. Homo potest a serpente dei uindictam negante inrideri, sicut Eua: nam deus exhibet quod promittit. nam ut omnem eius astutiam excluderet, amplius primo peccantibus redd[id]it quam promisit, et uxori Loth etiam quod non dixerat fecit. ### English translation (Claude) "Do not be deceived: God is not mocked." A person can be mocked by the serpent, who denies God's vengeance, as Eve was: for God carries out what he promises. For, to exclude all the serpent's cunning, he repaid the first sinners more than he had promised, and to Lot's wife he did even what he had not said. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:7: quotation, high confidence - Gen 3:4: allusion, high confidence - Gen 19:26: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -id- in reddidit; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.7 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-7). ## Galatians 6:8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-8 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Sowing to the flesh reaps punishment; sowing to the Spirit, eternal life. ### Latin text Quae enim seminauerit homo , haec et metet, [et] quoniam qui seminat in carne sua, de carne et metet corruptionem . Qui spem ponit in circumcisione carnali, uel qui uitia seminat, metet poenam. Qui autem seminat in spiritu , de spiritu metet uitam aeternam. Qui [in] spiritali conuersatione seminat, uel in fide. ### English translation (Claude) "For whatever a man sows, that he will also reap; because he who sows in his own flesh will from the flesh reap corruption." He who places his hope in carnal circumcision, or who sows vices, will reap punishment. "But he who sows in the Spirit will from the Spirit reap eternal life." He who sows in a spiritual way of life, or in faith. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et and in; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.8 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-8). ## Galatians 6:9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-9 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340–341 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: This life is for sowing; the reward is reaped later by those who persevere. ### Latin text Bonum autem facientes non deficiamus . Sicut in Ecclesiastico ait : ‘non impediaris orare semper, et non uerearis usque ad mortem iustificari, quoniam merces dei manet in aeternum’: indeficientem enim iustitiam indeficiens praemium subsequetur, quia ‘qui perseuera[ueri]t usque in finem, hic saluus erit.’ Tempore enim suo metemus , non deficientes. Nunc tempus seminandi est, non metendi. non ergo modo nostram mercedem quaeramus accipere, ne hieme tenera adhuc seges decisa et in praesenti ut inmatura non prosit, et non sit quae in futuro metatur: dicetur enim nobis: ‘recepistis bona in uita uestra,’ et iterum: ‘receperunt mercedem suam.’ ### English translation (Claude) "And let us not grow weary in doing good." As it says in Ecclesiasticus: "Let nothing hinder you from praying always, and do not fear to be justified until death, because the reward of God abides forever": for an unfailing reward will follow unfailing righteousness, because "he who perseveres to the end will be saved." "For in due season we shall reap, if we do not grow weary." Now is the time of sowing, not of reaping. So let us not seek to receive our reward now, lest the crop, still tender, be cut in winter and, being unripe, profit nothing in the present, and there be nothing to reap in the future: for it will be said to us: "You received good things in your life," and again: "They have received their reward." ### Scripture references - Gal 6:9: quotation, high confidence - Matt 10:22: quotation, high confidence - Luke 16:25: quotation, high confidence - Matt 6:2: quotation, high confidence ### Extrabiblical texts - Sir 18:22 (Sirach): quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The Ecclesiasticus quotation is Sir 18:22. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.9 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:340–341; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-9). ## Galatians 6:10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-10 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Show mercy to all in need, especially to fellow believers. ### Latin text Ergo dum tempus habemus. Ultimum sementis hoc tempus est: festinemus ergo campos omnes serere, sed maxime eos qui sunt uberrimi repleamus, ne incipiamus tempore messis aliis epulantibus esurire. Operemur bonum ad omnes , maxime autem ad domesticos fidei. Indigentibus [et] Iudaeis et paganis et omnibus Christianis bonis malisque misericordiam faciamus, nec alicui quod deus communiter tribuit denegemus, maxime tamen his qui peculiarem fidei exhibent famulatum. ### English translation (Claude) "So while we have time." This time is the last sowing season: let us hasten, then, to sow all the fields, but above all fill those that are most fertile, lest at harvest time we begin to go hungry while others feast. "Let us do good to all, but especially to those of the household of faith." Let us show mercy to the needy, Jews and pagans and all Christians, good and bad, and not deny anyone what God gives in common; but especially to those who show a special service of faith. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:10: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets et; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.10 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-10). ## Galatians 6:11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-11 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's own handwriting shows his boldness. ### Latin text Uidete qualibus litteris scripsi [nobis] mea manu. [Et] intellegite quam non timeam, qui litteras [mea] manu perscripsi. ### English translation (Claude) "See with what letters I have written with my own hand." Understand how little I fear, I who have written out the letter with my own hand. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:11: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets uobis ("to you"), Et, and mea; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.11 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-11). ## Galatians 6:12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-12 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The Judaizers push circumcision to avoid persecution. ### Latin text Quicumque uolunt placere in carne , hi compellunt uos circumcidi , tantum ut cruce Christi persecutionem non patiantur. Qui Iudaeis carnalibus placere desiderant, crucis Christi persecutionem [sustinere] timentes, non uestrae saluti aliquid prouidere curantes. ### English translation (Claude) "Those who wish to please in the flesh compel you to be circumcised, only so that they may not suffer persecution for the cross of Christ." Those who desire to please carnal Jews, fearing persecution for the cross of Christ, not caring to provide anything for your salvation. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:12: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets sustinere ("to endure"); left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.12 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-12). ## Galatians 6:13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-13 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341–342 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The circumcisers seek glory from the Galatians' flesh. ### Latin text Neque enim qui circumcisi sunt , hi legem custodiunt. Uel si circumcisio legem faceret custodiri, aliquit uideretur habere rationis ista persuasio. Sed uolunt uos circumcidi, ut in carne uestra glorientur. Ut de carne uestra apud Iudaeos laudem habeant. Siue: Ut quod discipulos ad se tra[du]xerint glorientur, ### English translation (Claude) "For not even those who are circumcised keep the law." Or if circumcision made the law kept, this persuasion would seem to have some reason. "But they want you circumcised so that they may glory in your flesh." So that they may have praise among the Jews from your flesh. Or: so that they may glory that they have drawn disciples to themselves. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:13: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets -du- in traduxerint; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.13 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:341–342; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-13). ## Galatians 6:14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-14 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul boasts only in the cross; what counts is new life in Christ. ### Latin text Mihi autem absit gloriari nisi in cruce domini nostri Iesu Christi, per quem mihi mundus cruci fixus est et ego mundo. Non in propria iustitia uel doctrina, sed in fide crucis, per quam mihi omnia peccata dimissa sunt, ut [et] ego mundo morerer et ille mihi. In Christo enim Iesu neque circumcisio quicquam ualet neque praeputium, sed noua creatura . Hoc tempore solum hoc prodest, si quis renatus in Christo noua conuersatione utatur, ut propheta ait: ‘innouate uobis nouale, et ne seminaueritis in spinas, [et] circumcidite uos deo uestro et circumcidite praeputium cordis uestri.’ ### English translation (Claude) "But far be it from me to boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom the world has been crucified to me and I to the world." Not in my own righteousness or teaching, but in faith in the cross, through which all sins have been forgiven me, so that I have died to the world and it to me. "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision avails anything nor uncircumcision, but a new creation." At this time only this profits: if one reborn in Christ lives a new life, as the prophet says: "Break up your fallow ground for yourselves, and do not sow among thorns, and circumcise yourselves to your God and circumcise the foreskin of your heart." ### Scripture references - Gal 6:14: quotation, high confidence - Gal 6:15: quotation, high confidence - Jer 4:3: quotation, high confidence - Jer 4:4: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The section covers Gal 6:14–15. The quotation is Jer 4:3–4. Souter brackets et twice; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.14 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-14). ## Galatians 6:16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-16 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: The true Israel of God follows the rule of faith. ### Latin text [Et] quicumque hanc regulam secuntur , pax super illos et misericordia. Qu[i]a in sola fide spes collocatur animarum. Et super Istrahel dei . Est ergo Istrahel non dei: ‘non enim omnes qui sunt ex Istrahel, hi sunt Istrahelitae.’ ### English translation (Claude) "And whoever follow this rule, peace be on them and mercy." Because the hope of souls is placed in faith alone. "And on the Israel of God." So there is an Israel that is not of God: "for not all who are from Israel are Israelites." ### Scripture references - Gal 6:16: quotation, high confidence - Rom 9:6: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Faith alone" renders sola fide. Souter brackets Et and the i of quia; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.16 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-16). ## Galatians 6:17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-17 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342–343 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's body bears the marks of the cross, not of circumcision. ### Latin text De cetero nemo mihi molestus sit : ego enim stigmata [ domini nostri ] Iesu [Christi] in corpore meo porto . Nemo me amplius interroget quasi dubitans, quia omnem exposui ueritatem: ego enim signa et c[h]aracteres, non circumcisionis, sed crucis et passionis in corpore meo circumfero. ### English translation (Claude) "From now on let no one trouble me: for I bear in my body the marks of Jesus." Let no one question me further as if in doubt, because I have set out the whole truth: for I carry about in my body the signs and marks, not of circumcision, but of the cross and the passion. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:17: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets "our Lord," Christi, and the h of characteres; left out. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.17 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:342–343; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-17). ## Galatians 6:18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/4-1/#p-6-18 - Source: Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:343 - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 Summary: Paul's closing blessing is on the spirit, not the circumcised flesh. ### Latin text Gratia domini nostri Iesu Christi cum spiritu uestro , fratres. Su[b]scriptio talis est apostoli: optat autem ut gratia cum eis domini, non legis opera com[m]it[t]e[n]tur. simul et attende[ndum] quia ‘cum spiritu[, inquit,] uestro’ dixerit, non ‘cum carne,’ in cuius circumcisione gloriantur carnales: uos autem spiritaliter conuersamini, ut spiritaliter circumcisi. EXPLICIT AD GALATAS ### English translation (Claude) "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit, brothers." Such is the apostle's subscription; and he wishes the grace of the Lord, not the works of the law, to accompany them. At the same time it is to be noted that he said "with your spirit," not "with the flesh," in whose circumcision the carnal glory: but you live spiritually, as those spiritually circumcised. End of the letter to the Galatians. ### Scripture references - Gal 6:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Souter brackets letters of subscriptio, of comitetur (giving "accompany"), -ndum, and inquit; left out. The last words are the manuscript's closing title. ### Citation (SBL) Pelagius, Comm. Gal. 6.18 (Souter, Texts and Studies 9.2 2:343; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/p/pelagius-expositiones-galatas/6-18).